IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTICE
Note. The descriptions and specifications contained in this article were in effect at the time this article was approved for publication.
Appropriate repair methods and procedures are essential for the safe, reliable operation of all motor vehicles, as well as the personal safety of the individual doing the work. This article provides general directions for repairing vehicles with tested, effective techniques. Following them will help to establish reliability.
There are numerous variations in procedures, techniques, tools, and parts for repairing vehicles, as well as in the skill of the individual doing the work. This article cannot possibly anticipate all such variations and provide advice or cautions as to each. Accordingly, anyone who departs from the instructions provided in this article must first establish that they compromise neither their personal safety nor the vehicle integrity by their choice of methods, tools, or parts.
Notes, Cautions, and Warnings
As you read through the procedures, you will encounter NOTES, CAUTIONS, and WARNINGS. Each one is there for a specific purpose. NOTES give you added information that will help you complete a particular procedure. CAUTIONS are given to prevent you from making an error that could damage the vehicle. WARNINGS remind you to be especially careful in those areas where carelessness may cause personal injury. The following list contains some general WARNINGS that you should follow when you work on a vehicle.
- Always wear safety glasses for eye protection.
- Use safety stands whenever a procedure requires you to be under the vehicle.
- Make sure that the key is always in the OFF position, unless otherwise required by the procedure.
- Set the parking brake when working on the vehicle. If you have an automatic transmission, place the gear selector in PARK unless otherwise instructed for a specific operation. If you have a manual transmission, the gear selector should be in REVERSE (engine OFF) or NEUTRAL (engine ON) unless instructed otherwise for a specific operation. Place wood blocks (4 inch x 4 inch or larger) against the front and rear surfaces of the tires to help prevent the vehicle from moving.
- Operate the engine in a well-ventilated area to avoid the danger of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- Keep yourself and your clothing away from moving parts when the engine is running, especially the drive belts.
- To prevent serious burns, avoid contact with hot metal parts such as the radiator, exhaust manifold(s), tail pipe (s), three-way catalytic converter(s), and muffler(s).
- Do not smoke while working on a vehicle.
- To avoid injury, always remove rings, watches, loose hanging jewelry, and loose clothing before beginning to work on a vehicle.
- When it is necessary to work under the hood, keep hands and other objects clear of the radiator fan blades.
PREFACE
This article provides a step-by-step approach for diagnosing driveability, emission, and powertrain control system symptoms. Before beginning diagnosis, it may be helpful to reference any Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) when available.
Note. For the diesel engines, refer to the INTRODUCTION -- 6.0L DIESEL . For the Escape Hybrid or Mariner Hybrid, refer to the INTRODUCTION -- ESCAPE HYBRID .
This article is used in conjunction with the service information articles and SYSTEM WIRING DIAGRAMS . The service information articles are used to provide additional diagnostic or component removal and installation information. Refer to the SYSTEM WIRING DIAGRAMS for vehicle specific wiring information and component, connector, and splice locations.
The following is a description of the information contained in each of the ENGINE PERFORMANCE articles.
Pinpoint Tests
All pinpoint tests are included in PINPOINT TESTS -- GASOLINE MODELS . Never enter a pinpoint test unless directed there. When directed to a pinpoint test, always read the information included at the beginning of the pinpoint test.
Reference Values
REFERENCE VALUES -- GASOLINE MODELS contains the Typical Diagnostic Reference Values charts. The technician is directed to these charts from PINPOINT TEST Z: INTERMITTENT .
WHAT'S NEW
The following is a list of changes to the service information for 2006
New Vehicles
- Fusion
- Mark LT
- Milan
- Zephyr
Deleted Vehicles
- 3.0L Lincoln LS
- 3.0L 4V Taurus
- Aviator
- Excursion
- Explorer Sport Trac
- Sable
- Thunderbird
Other Changes
- Computer-controlled shutdown feature for equipped vehicles
- Explorer/Mountaineer has a new cooling fan clutch
- Explorer/Mountaineer has a new 6R60 transmission with a stand-alone transmission control module (TCM)
- Freestar/Monterey powertrain control module (PCM) protocol is controller area network (CAN)
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS
Note. This acronyms and definitions listing contains technical terms applicable to Ford Motor Company products. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive dictionary of components and their functions. If a detailed description of a particular system or component is desired, refer to the applicable ENGINE PERFORMANCE article or consult the service information article for the specific vehicle being repaired.
2V: Two valves per engine cylinder
3V: Three valves per engine cylinder
4V: Four valves per engine cylinder
ABS: Anti-Lock Brake System
A/C: Air Conditioning
A/CC: Air Conditioning Clutch
A/CCR: Air Conditioning Clutch Control Relay
ACCS: Air Conditioning Cycling Switch
ACDS: Air Conditioning Diagnostic Switch (refrigerant containment switch)
ACET: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature
ACP: Air Conditioning Head Pressure or A/C cycling switch input state
ACPSW: Air Conditioning Pressure Switch
ACPT: Air Conditioning Pressure Transducer (Switch)
A/D: Analog-to-Digital. Analog-to-Digital signal conversion.
AFCM: Alternative Fuel Control Module
AIR: Secondary Air Injection
AIRB: Secondary Air Injection Bypass
AIR EVAL: Air System Evaluated. Displays a YES or NO status indicating whether the AIR System has been evaluated for On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) purposes.
AIRM: Secondary Air Pump Monitor
APP: Accelerator Pedal Position
ARB: Air Resource Board
ASCII: American Standard Code Information Interchange
ATDC: After Top Dead Center. The location of the piston after it has reached the top of its stroke. Measured in degrees of crankshaft rotation.
AWD: All-Wheel Drive
BARO: Barometric Pressure
BJB: Battery Junction Box
BOB: Breakout Box. A test device which connects in series to the PCM and PCM harness.
BPA: Brake Pedal Applied
BPP: Brake Pedal Position
BPS: Brake Pedal Switch/Speed Control Deactivation
BTDC: Before Top Dead Center. The location of the piston before it has reached the top of its stroke. Measured in degrees of crankshaft rotation.
CAC: Charge Air Cooler. A device which lowers the temperature of pressurized intake air.
CAFE: Corporate Average Fuel Economy. A set of federal requirements and regulations which govern fuel economy standards.
CAN: Controller Area Network
CAT EVAL: Catalyst System Evaluated. This item indicates YES when the Catalyst Efficiency Monitor has successfully completed.
CCM: Comprehensive Component Monitor
CD A through J: Coil Driver 1 through 10
CGND: Case Ground. Provides a ground source for the PCM case.
CHT: Cylinder Head Temperature
CHTIL: Cylinder Head Temperature Indicator Lamp
CKP: Crankshaft Position
CKP+, CKP-: CKP+ is the CKP sensor signal circuit. CKP- is the signal return circuit.
CL: Closed Loop. An operating condition or mode which enables operation based on sensor feedback.
CMCV: Charge Motion Control Valve
CMP, CMP1, CMP2: Camshaft Position. CMP1 and CMP2 on V engines where applicable.
CMS: Catalyst Monitor Sensor. The downstream HO2S.
CMVSS: Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
CO: Carbon Monoxide. A colorless, odorless, and toxic gas that is a component of auto exhaust emissions.
CO 2 : Carbon Dioxide. A colorless, odorless gas that is a normal by-product of the combustion of fuel.
CONT: Continuous Memory. The portion of keep alive memory (KAM) used to store DTCs generated during the continuous memory self-test.
COP: Coil On Plug. Ignition coil on plug assembly.
CPP: Clutch Pedal Position
CT: Closed Throttle. A mode in which the PCM varies the pulse width of the fuel injectors to obtain the air/fuel mixture appropriate for closed throttle operation.
CTO: Clean Tach Output. Signal used to drive the instrument panel tachometer.
CV: Canister Vent Solenoid. A solenoid which seals the evaporative emission (EVAP) system from the atmosphere during the EVAP monitor test.
DC: 1. Direct Current. Electric current flowing in one direction. 2. Duty Cycle. The voltage measurement of ON time versus the full cycle period, expressed in percent.
DCL: Data Communication Link. A communication path between various in-vehicle electronic modules.
DI: Distributor Ignition. A system in which the ignition coil secondary circuit is sequenced by a distributor.
DIS: Distributorless Ignition System. A system in which the ignition coil secondary circuit is sequenced without a distributor.
DLC: Data Link Connector. SAE standard J1962 connector providing access to vehicle diagnostic information.
DMM: Digital Multimeter
DOHC: Dual Overhead Cam. An engine configuration that uses 2 camshafts positioned above the valves.
DOL: Data Output Line. A circuit that sends certain information from the PCM to the instrument cluster.
DPFEGR: Differential Pressure Feedback Exhaust Gas Recirculation. A system that uses a pressure transducer to control the operation of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) vacuum regulator valve.
DRI: Deposit Resistant Injector. A fuel injector designed to prevent the build-up of carbon and other unwanted deposits.
DTM: Diagnostic Test Mode. A level of capability in an OBD system.
DTC: Diagnostic Trouble Code. An alpha/numeric identifier for a concern identified by the OBD system.
E-85: Fuel containing 85% ethanol alcohol
ECT: Engine Coolant Temperature
ECU: Electronic Control Unit. A module that handles the control strategy and monitors system inputs or outputs.
EEC: Electronic Engine Control
EEGR: Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EEGR) System
EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. An electronic component in the PCM that allows the electronic storage of information.
EGR: Exhaust Gas Recirculation. A process in which a small amount of exhaust gas is routed into the combustion chamber.
EGRMC (1-4): Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation Motor Control
EGRT: Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve Temperature. A temperature sensor that is threaded into the bottom of the intake plenum.
EGRVR: Exhaust Gas Recirculation Vacuum Regulator. A solenoid which controls vacuum to the EGR valve by varying the duty cycle signal from the PCM.
EI: Integrated Electronic Ignition. An electronic ignition system that has the ignition control module (ICM) integrated into the PCM.
EI-HDR: Electronic Ignition-High Data Rate. Formerly known as Electronic Distributorless Ignition System.
EMI: Electromagnetic Interference. Usually caused by ignition voltage spikes, solenoids, relay operation, or noisy generator contacts.
EOL: End of Line. A system designed specifically for use at assembly plants to make sure all new vehicles conform to design specifications.
EONV: Engine Off Natural Vacuum
EOT: Engine Oil Temperature
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency (United States Government)
E-Quizzer: Enhanced Quizzer
ESM: EGR System Module
ESOF: Electronic Shift-on-the-Fly
ETB: Electronic Throttle Body
ETC: Electronic Throttle Control
ETCREF: Voltage Reference (5V) for ETC (APP VREF, TP VREF).
EVAP: Evaporative Emissions. A system to prevent fuel vapor from escaping into the atmosphere.
EVAPCP: Evaporative Canister Purge Solenoid. A solenoid which controls the venting of fuel vapor from the evaporative emissions canister into the intake manifold for combustion.
EVO: Electronic Variable Orifice
EVR: Electronic Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
EWP: Electric Water Pump
FCS: Fuel Control Solenoid
FCIL: Fuel Cap Indicator Lamp. Indicates that the fuel filler cap is not correctly installed.
FEAD: Front End Accessory Drive
FEPS: Flash EEPROM Programming Signal. An 18-volt DC signal input from the diagnostic tool used by the PCM to initiate programming.
FFV: Flexible Fuel Vehicle
FLI: Fuel Level Input. Provides information on the amount of liquid fuel in the fuel tank. Used by the EVAP monitor to calculate the fuel tank vapor volume. Displayed as a percentage.
FMEM: Failure Mode Effects Management. Operating strategy that maintains limited vehicle function in the event of a PCM or EEC component failure.
FP: 1. Fuel Pump. Indicates whether the pump has been commanded ON or OFF by the PCM. 2. Fuel Pump (Modulated). Fuel pump duty cycle percentage.
FPDM: Fuel Pump Driver Module. A module that controls the electric fuel pump.
FRP: Fuel Rail Pressure
FRPT: Fuel Rail Pressure Temperature
FSS: Fan Speed Sensor
FSSW: Fuel Select Switch. An output signal between the PCM and the fuel injector interface module which determines the fuel delivery mode.
FTP: Fuel Tank Pressure
FUEL PR: Fuel Pressure. Measurement of the force of the fuel delivered by the fuel pump.
FUELPW: Fuel Pulse Width. Displays the commanded pulse width at the time of the last data update.
FUELPW1: Fuel Injector Pulse Width #1. Corresponds to injectors normally affected by HO2S11.
FUELPW2: Fuel Injector Pulse Width #2. Corresponds to injectors normally affected by HO2S21.
FUELSYS: Fuel System Status (OPEN/CLOSED Loop). Formerly known as LOOP.
FWD: Front Wheel Drive
GEN: Generator
GENLI: Generator Load Input. An input signal used by the PCM to monitor charging system operation and determine the system voltage.
GND: Ground
GPM: 1. Grams per Mile. 2. Gallons per Minute.
GVW: Gross Vehicle Weight
GVWR: Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
HC: 1. Hydrocarbon. A by-product of combustion and a component of auto exhaust emissions. 2. High Compression.
HFC: High Fan Control
HLOS: Hardware Limited Operating Strategy. A mode of operation where the PCM replaces output commands with fixed values in response to internal PCM concerns.
HO: High Output
HO2S: Heated Oxygen Sensor. Provides information on rich or lean exhaust conditions to the PCM. HTR11, HTR12, HTR13, HTR21, HTR22: HO2S Heater. Heater element for the HO2S sensor.
Hz: Hertz. Cycles per second.
IAC: Idle Air Control. Electrical control of throttle bypass air.
IAT: Intake Air Temperature
IAT2: Intake Air Temperature 2. Used on supercharged vehicles.
IC: Integrated Circuit. A small semi-conductor device capable of many separate circuit functions.
ICM: Ignition Control Module. The module that controls the ignition system.
IFS: Inertia Fuel Switch
IMRC: Intake Manifold Runner Control. Controls or modifies airflow in the intake air system.
IMRCM: Intake Manifold Runner Control Monitor. Monitors the IMRC circuits for concerns.
IMTV, IMTV1, IMTV2: Intake Manifold Tuning Valve. Controls airflow through runners in a split intake manifold.
INJ1, INJ2, INJ3, INJ4, INJ5, INJ6, INJ7, INJ8, INJ9, INJ10: Injector number or its signal output from the PCM.
IPC: Independent Plausibility Checker
ISO: International Standards Organization
KAM: Keep Alive Memory. A portion of the memory within the PCM that must have power even when the vehicle is not operating.
KAPWR: Keep Alive Power. A dedicated and unswitched power circuit that maintains KAM.
KOEO Self-Test: Key On Engine Off self-test. A test of the EEC system conducted by the PCM with power applied and the engine at rest.
KOER Self-Test: Key On Engine Running self-test. A test of the EEC system conducted by the PCM with the engine running and the vehicle at rest.
Km/h: Kilometers per Hour
kPa: Kilopascal. Unit of pressure. 3.386 kPa equals 1 inch of mercury (Hg).
L: Liters. The unit of volume in the metric measuring system. One liter equals 1.06 quarts.
LEV: Low Emissions Vehicle
LFC: Low Fan Control
LONGFT: Long-Term Fuel Trim. Fuel flow adjustment determined by the PCM.
LPLR: Low Pressure Low Resistance fuel injector
M-85: Fuel containing 85% methanol alcohol
MAF: Mass Air Flow
MAP: Manifold Absolute Pressure. The internal pressure of the intake manifold.
MFC: Medium Fan Control
MFI: Multiport Fuel Injection. A fuel-delivery system in which each cylinder is individually fueled.
MFP: Modulated Fuel Pump
MIL: Malfunction Indicator Lamp. An indicator lamp alerting the driver of an emission related concern.
MISF: Misfire. Any event in the cylinder that causes a sudden change in acceleration of the crankshaft.
MON: Motor Octane Number
MSOF: Manual Shift-on-the-Fly
MY: Model Year
NA: Naturally Aspirated. An engine that is not supercharged or turbocharged.
NC: Normally Closed
NGS: New Generation Self-Test Automatic Readout (STAR) tester
NO: Normally Open
NO X : Oxides of Nitrogen. Gasses formed at high combustion temperatures.
O2S11, O2S12, O2S13, O2S21, O2S22, O2S23: Oxygen Sensor. Provides information on rich or lean exhaust conditions to the PCM.
OASIS: On-line Automotive Service Information System
OBD, OBD-II: On-Board Diagnostics, On-Board Diagnostics Second Generation. A system that monitors the PCM input and output control signals.
OCT ADJ: Octane Adjust. Compensating strategy that adjusts for changes in fuel octane.
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
OHC: Overhead Cam. An engine configuration that uses a single camshaft positioned above the valves.
OL: Open Loop. An operating condition based on instructions not modified by PCM feedback.
ORVR: On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery
OSC: Output State Control
OSS: Output Shaft Speed
OTM: Output Test Mode
PATS: Passive Anti-Theft System
PCM: Powertrain Control Module. Formerly known as the electronic engine control (EEC) processor.
PCMRC: Powertrain Control Module Relay Control
PCV: Positive Crankcase Ventilation. A system which allows the controlled flow of crankcase vapors into the combustion chamber.
PID: Parameter Identifier. Identifies an address in the PCM memory which contains operating information.
PIP: Profile Ignition Pickup. Provides crankshaft position information for ignition synchronization.
PPM: Parts per Million. A measure used in emission analysis.
PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory. Similar to ROM, except without program instructions.
PSP: Power Steering Pressure. Indicates the pressure in the power steering system.
PSPT: Power Steering Pressure Transducer
PTO: Power Take-Off
PW: Pulse Width. The length of time an actuator, such as a fuel injector, remains energized.
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation. Controls the intensity of an output by varying the signal duty cycle.
PWR GND: Power Ground. The main ground circuit in the EEC system.
RABS: Rear Anti-Lock Brake System
RAM: Random Access Memory. Memory into which information can be written as well as read.
REM: Rear Electronic Module
RF: Radio Frequency
RFI: Radio Frequency Interference
RFS: Returnless Fuel System
ROM: Read-Only Memory. Computer memory that can be accessed and used, but not altered.
RPM: Revolutions Per Minute
RTN: Return. A dedicated sensor ground circuit.
RWD: Rear Wheel Drive
SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers
SBS: Supercharger Bypass Solenoid or its signal output from the PCM
SC: Supercharged or Supercharger
SCB: Supercharger Bypass
SCBC: Supercharger Bypass Control. A system that allows manifold vacuum to be bled away from the supercharger wastegate actuator to allow for maximum boost.
SCP: Standard Corporate Protocol
SFI: Sequential Multiport Fuel Injection. A multiport fuel delivery system in which each injector is individually energized and timed relative to its cylinder intake event.
SHRTFT: Short-Term Fuel Trim. Fuel flow adjustment in response to the HO2S sensor(s) input during closed-loop operation.
SIG RTN: Signal Return. A dedicated sensor ground circuit that is common to 2 or more sensors.
SME: Society of Manufacturing Engineers
SOHC: Single Overhead Cam
TA: Traction Assist
TAC: Throttle Actuator Control
TACH: Tachometer
TACM, TACMP, TACMN, TACP (+/-): Throttle Actuator Control Motor +/- used in the ETC system.
TB: Throttle Body. A device that controls airflow through the engine via a butterfly valve and has an air bypass channel around the throttle plate.
TC: 1. Traction Control. Combines anti-lock braking and axle torque reduction to control wheel slippage. 2. Turbocharger.
TDC: Top Dead Center
TP: Throttle Position sensor. A potentiometer that provides throttle angle and rate information for the PCM.
TP1: Throttle Position 1
TP2: Throttle Position 2
TSB: Technical Service Bulletin. Notifies technician of any known vehicle concerns, procedures, or general repair information.
VCT, VCT1, VCT2: Variable Camshaft Timing. VCT1 and VCT2 on V engines where applicable.
VECI: Vehicle Emission Control Information
VIN: Vehicle Identification Number. A unique identification number given to every vehicle produced. Includes information about the year, model, engine, and plant origin of the vehicle.
VMV: Vapor Management Valve. Also known as EVAPCP. Refer to EVAPCP.
VBPWR: Vehicle Buffered Power. A PCM-supplied power source that supplies regulated voltage.
VPWR: Vehicle Power. A switched circuit that provides power to the EEC system. Compare to battery voltage (B+).
VREF: Reference Voltage. A dedicated circuit that provides an approximately 5.0 volt signal used as a reference by certain sensors.
WAC: Wide Open Throttle A/C Cut-Off. Turns the A/C system off during wide open throttle or certain other operating conditions.
WOT: Wide Open Throttle. A condition of maximum airflow through the throttle body.
Transmissions
Note. The automatic transmission naming convention is as follows
- The first character, a number, is the number of forward gears.
- The second character, either the letter F or R, represents front (transaxle) or rear (transmission) wheel drive.
- The next set of characters, a grouping of numbers, represents the design torque capacity of the transmission/transaxle.
- The last character, if used, is one of the following: E for electronic shift N for non-synchronous shift S for synchronous shift W for wide ratio
As an example, for the 4F27E transaxle, the number of forward gears is 4, the character F indicates front transaxle, 27 represents 270 ft-lbs of torque capacity and the character E represents an electronic shift.
A/T: Automatic Transmission
CCS: Coast Clutch Solenoid
EPC, EPC1, EPC2: Electronic Pressure Control
ESS: Electronic Shift Scheduling
ISS: Intermediate/Input Shaft Speed Sensor
M/T: Manual Transmission/Transaxle
OCS: Overdrive Cancel Switch
OSS: Output Shaft Speed. Indicates the rotational speed of the transmission output shaft.
PNP: Park/Neutral Position switch.
REVERSE or REV: Transmission Reverse Switch Input
SSA/SSB/SSC/SSD/SSE: Shift solenoids. Devices in an automatic transmission that control the shifting by varying fluid flow when commanded by the PCM.
SS1/SS2/SS3: Shift solenoids. Devices in an automatic transmission that control the shifting by varying fluid flow when commanded by the PCM.
TCC/TCCH: Torque Converter Clutch. When energized, causes a mechanical engagement and disengagement of the torque converter clutch.
TCIL: Transmission Control Indicator Lamp. Indicates that the TCS has been activated.
TCS: Transmission Control Switch. Modifies the operation of electronically controlled transmissions.
TFT: Transmission Fluid Temperature. Indicates the temperature of transmission fluid.
TR, TR1, TR2, TR3, TR4: Transmission Range. The range in which the transmission is operating.
TSS: Turbine Shaft Speed. Indicates the rotational speed of the transmission turbine shaft.
VSS: Vehicle Speed Sensor. A magnetic pickup device that generates an AC signal that is proportional to the vehicle speed.
VSOUT: Vehicle Speed Output. A pulse width modulated vehicle speed signal.