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- Overview The California Air Resources Board (CARB) began regulation of On Board Diagnostics (OBD) for vehicles sold in California beginning with the 1988 model year. The first phase, OBD-I, required monitoring of the fuel metering system, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system and additional emission related components. The Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) was required to light and alert the driver of the fault and the need for repair of the emission control system. Associated with the MIL was a fault code or Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) identifying the specific area of the fault. The OBD system was proposed by CARB to improve air quality by identifying vehicle exceeding emission standards. Passage of the Federal Clean Air Act Amendments in 1990 has also prompted the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop On Board Diagnostic requirements. CARB OBD-II regulations were followed until 1999 when the federal regulations were used. The OBD-II system meets government regulations by monitoring the emission control system. When a system or component exceeds emission threshold or a component operates outside tolerance, a DTC will be stored and the MIL illuminated. The diagnostic executive is a computer program in the Engine Control Module (ECM) or Powertrain Control Module (PCM) that coordinates the OBD-II self-monitoring system. This program controls all the monitors and interactions, DTC and MIL operation, freeze frame data and scan tool interface. Freeze frame data describes stored engine conditions, such as state of the engine, state of fuel control, spark, RPM, load and warm status at the point the first fault is detected. Previously stored conditions will be replaced only if a fuel or misfire fault is detected. This data is accessible with the scan tool to assist in repairing the vehicle. The center of the OBD-II system is a microprocessor called the Engine Control Module (ECM) or Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The ECM or PCM receives input from sensors and other electronic components (switches, relays, and others) based on information received and programmed into its memory (keep alive random access memory, and others), the ECM or PCM generates output signals to control various relays, solenoids and actuators.
- Configuration of hardware and related terms GST (Generic scan tool) MIL (Malfunction indication lamp) - MIL activity by transistor The Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) is connected between ECM or PCM-terminal Malfunction Indicator Lamp and battery supply (open collector amplifier). In most cars, the MIL will be installed in the instrument panel. The lamp amplifier can not be damaged by a short circuit. Lamps with a power dissipation much greater than total dissipation of the MIL and lamp in the tester may cause a fault indication. At ignition ON and engine revolution (RPM)< MIN. RPM, the MIL is switched ON for an optical check by the driver. MIL illumination When the ECM or PCM detects a malfunction related emission during the first driving cycle, the DTC and engine data are stored in the freeze frame memory. The MIL is illuminated only when the ECM or PCM detects the same malfunction related to the DTC in two consecutive driving cycles. MIL elimination Misfire and Fuel System Malfunctions: For misfire or fuel system malfunctions, the MIL may be eliminated if the same fault does not reoccur during monitoring in three subsequent sequential driving cycles in which conditions are similar to those under which the malfunction was first detected. All Other Malfunctions: For all other faults, the MIL may be extinguished after three subsequent sequential driving cycles during which the monitoring system responsible for illuminating the MIL functions without detecting the malfunction and if no other malfunction has been identified that would independently illuminate the MIL according to the requirements outlined above. Erasing a fault code The diagnostic system may erase a fault code if the same fault is not re-registered in at least 40 engine warm-up cycles, and the MIL is not illuminated for that fault code. Communication Line (CAN) Bus Topology: Line (bus) structure Wiring: Twisted pair wire Off Board DLC Cable Length: Max. 5m Data Transfer Rate Diagnostic: 500 kbps Service Mode (Upgrade, Writing VIN): 500 or 1Mbps) Driving cycle A driving cycle consists of engine start up, and engine shut off. Warm-up cycle A warm-up cycle means sufficient vehicle operation such that the engine coolant temperature has risen by at least 40 degrees Fahrenheit from engine starting and reaches a minimum temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit. Trip cycle A trip means vehicle operation (following an engine-off period) of duration and driving mode such that all components and systems are monitored at least once by the diagnostic system except catalyst efficiency or evaporative system monitoring when a steady-speed check is used, subject to the limitation that the manufacturer-defined trip monitoring conditions shall all be encountered at least once during the first engine start portion of the applicable FTP cycle. DTC format Diagnostic Trouble Code (SAE J2012) DTCs used in OBD-II vehicles will begin with a letter and are followed by four numbers. The letter of the beginning of the DTC identifies the function of the monitored device that has failed. A "P" indicates a powertrain device, "C" indicates a chassis device. "B" is for body device and "U" indicates a network or data link code. The first number indicates if the code is generic (common to all manufacturers) or if it is manufacturer specific. A "0" & "2" indicates generic, "1" indicates manufacturer-specific. The second number indicates the system that is affected with a number between 1 and 7. The following is a list showing what numbers are assigned to each system. Fuel and air metering Fuel and air metering (injector circuit malfunction only) Ignition system or misfire Auxiliary emission controls Vehicle speed controls and idle control system Computer output circuits Transmission The last two numbers of the DTC indicates the component or section of the system where the fault is located. Freeze frame data When a freeze frame event is triggered by an emission related DTC, the ECM or PCM stores various vehicle information as it existed the moment the fault occurred. The DTC number along with the engine data can be useful in aiding a technician in locating the cause of the fault. Once the data from the 1st driving cycle DTC occurrence is stored in the freeze frame memory, it will remain there even when the fault occurs again (2nd driving cycle) and the MIL is illuminated. Freeze Frame List Calculated Load Value Engine RPM Fuel Trim Fuel Pressure (if available) Vehicle Speed (if available) Coolant Temperature Intake Manifold Pressure (if available) Closed-or Open-loop operation Fault code
- OBD-II system readiness tests Catalyst monitoring The catalyst efficiency monitor is a self-test strategy within the ECM or PCM that uses the downstream Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) to determine when a catalyst has fallen below the minimum level of effectiveness in its ability to control exhaust emission. Misfire monitoring Misfire is defined as the lack of proper combustion in the cylinder due to the absence of spark, poor fuel metering, or poor compression. Any combustion that does not occur within the cylinder at the proper time is also a misfire. The misfire detection monitor detects fuel, ignition or mechanically induced misfires. The intent is to protect the catalyst from permanent damage and to alert the customer of an emission failure or an inspection maintenance failure by illuminating the MIL. When a misfire is detected, special software called freeze frame data is enabled. The freeze frame data captures the operational state of the vehicle when a fault is detected from misfire detection monitor strategy. Fuel system monitoring The fuel system monitor is a self-test strategy within the ECM or PCM that monitors the adaptive fuel table The fuel control system uses the adaptive fuel table to compensate for normal variability of the fuel system components caused by wear or aging. During normal vehicle operation, if the fuel system appears biased lean or rich, the adaptive value table will shift the fuel delivery calculations to remove bias. Engine cooling system monitoring The cooling system monitoring is a self-test strategy within the ECM or PCM that monitors ECTS (Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor) and thermostat about circuit continuity, output range, rationality faults. O2 sensor monitoring OBD-II regulations require monitoring of the upstream Heated O2 Sensor (H2OS) to detect if the deterioration of the sensor has exceeded thresholds. An additional HO2S is located downstream of the Warm-Up Three Way Catalytic Converter (WU-TWC) to determine the efficiency of the catalyst. Although the downstream H2OS is similar to the type used for fuel control, it functions differently. The downstream HO2S is monitored to determine if a voltage is generated. That voltage is compared to a calibrated acceptable range. Evaporative emission system monitoring The EVAP. monitoring is a self-test strategy within the ECM or PCM that tests the integrity of the EVAP. system. The complete evaporative system detects a leak or leaks that cumulatively are greater than or equal to a leak caused by a 0.040 inch and 0.020 inch diameter orifice. Air conditioning system monitoring The A/C system monitoring is a self-test strategy within the ECM or PCM that monitors malfunction of all A/C system components at A/C ON. Comprehensive components monitoring The comprehensive components monitoring is a self-test strategy within the ECM or PCM that detects fault of any electronic powertrain components or system that provides input to the ECM or PCM and is not exclusively an input to any other OBD-II monitor. A/C system component monitoring Requirement: If a vehicle incorporates an engine control strategy that alters off idle fuel and/or spark control when the A/C system is on, the OBD II system shall monitor all electronic air conditioning system components for malfunctions that cause the system to fail to invoke the alternate control while the A/C system is on or cause the system to invoke the alternate control while the A/C system is off. Additionally, the OBD II system shall monitor for malfunction all electronic air conditioning system components that are used as part of the diagnostic strategy for any other monitored system or component. Implementation plan: No engine control strategy incorporated that alters off idle fuel and/or spark control when A/C system is on. Malfunction of A/C system components is not used as a part of the diagnostic strategy for other monitored system or component.
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Description
The Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) System consists of a throttle body with an integrated control motor and throttle position sensor (TPS). Instead of the traditional throttle cable, an Accelerator Position Sensor (APS) is used to receive driver input. The ECM uses the APS signal to calculate the target throttle angle; the position of the throttle is then adjusted via ECM control of the ETC motor. The TPS signal is used to provide feedback regarding throttle position to the ECM. Using ETC, precise control over throttle position is possible; the need for external cruise control modules/cables is eliminated.
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Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAFS) is a hot-film type sensor and is located in between the air cleaner and the throttle body. It consists of a tube, a sensor assembly and a honey cell and detects the intake air quantity flowing into the intake manifold. While the intake air coming out of the air cleaner flows by the honey cell, it becomes linear flow, and then it passes the hot-film. At this time, heat transfer is generated by convection and this sensor loses its energy. This sensor detects the mass air flow by using the energy loss and transfers the information to the ECM by frequency. By using this signal, the ECM can calculate fuel quantity and ignition timing.
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Intake Air Temperature Sensor (IATS) is installed inside the Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAFS) and detects the intake air temperature. To calculate precise air quantity, correction of the air temperature is needed because air density varies according to the temperature. So the ECM uses not only MAFS signal but also IATS signal. This sensor has a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) and its resistance is in inverse proportion to the temperature.
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Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAPS) is a speed-density type sensor and is installed on the surge tank. The MAPS senses absolute pressure in surge tank and transfers this analog signal proportional to the pressure to the ECM. The ECM calculates the intake air quantity and engine speed based on this signal.
This MAPS consists of a piezo-electric element and a hybrid IC that amplifies the element output signal. The element is silicon diaphragm type and adapts pressure sensitive variable resistor effect of semi-conductor.100% vacuum and the manifold pressure apply to the both sides of it respectively. That is, this sensor outputs the silicon variation proportional to pressure change by voltage.
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Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor (ECTS) is located in the engine coolant passage of the cylinder head for detecting the engine coolant temperature. The ECTS uses a thermistor whose resistance changes with the temperature. The electrical resistance of the ECTS decreases as the temperature increases, and increases as the temperature decreases. The reference 5 V in the ECM is supplied to the ECTS via a resistor in the ECM. That is, the resistor in the ECM and the thermistor in the ECTS are connected in series. When the resistance value of the thermistor in the ECTS changes according to the engine coolant temperature, the output voltage also changes.
During cold engine operation the ECM increases the fuel injection duration and controls the ignition timing using the information of engine coolant temperature to avoid engine stalling and improve driveability.
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Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKPS) detects the crankshaft position and is one of the most important sensors of the engine control system. If there is no CKPS signal input, the engine may stop because of CKPS signal missing. This sensor is installed on transaxle housing or the cylinder block and generates alternating current by magnetic flux field which is made by the sensor and the target wheel when the engine rotates. The target wheel consists of 58 slots and 2 missing slots on 360 CA (Crank Angle).
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Camshaft Position Sensor (CMPS) is a hall sensor and detects the camshaft position by using a hall element. It is related with Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKPS) and detects the piston position of each cylinder which the CKPS can't detect. The two CMPS are installed on engine head cover of bank 1 and 2 respectively and use a target wheel installed on the camshaft. This sensor has a hall-effect IC which output voltage changes when magnetic field is made on the IC with current flow. So the sequential injection of the 6 cylinders is impossible without CMPS signal.
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Knocking is a phenomenon characterized by undesirable vibration and noise and can cause engine damage. Knock Sensor (KS) senses engine knocking and the two sensors are installed inside the V-valley of the cylinder block. When knocking occurs, the vibration from the cylinder block is applied as pressure to the piezoelectric element. At this time, this sensor transfers the voltage signal higher than the specified value to the ECM and the ECM retards the ignition timing. If the knocking disappears after retarding the ignition timing, the ECM will advance the ignition timing. This sequential control can improve engine power, torque and fuel economy.
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Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) consists of the zirconium and the alumina and is installed on upstream and downstream of the Manifold Catalyst Converter (MCC).
After it compares oxygen consistency of the atmosphere with the exhaust gas, it transfers the oxygen consistency of the exhaust gas to the ECM. When A/F ratio is rich or lean, it generates approximately 1V or 0V respectively. In order that this sensor normally operates, the temperature of the sensor tip is higher than 370°C (698°F). So it has a heater which is controlled by the ECM duty signal.
When the exhaust gas temperature is lower than the specified value, the heater warms the sensor tip.
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Continuously Variable Valve Timing (CVVT) system controls valve overlap with forcibly activating the camshaft and adjusts EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) amount. It decreases exhaust gas (NOx, HC) and improves fuel economy, idle state, torque in low speed and power in high speed. This system uses engine oil pressure and consists of the two CVVT Oil Control Valve (OCV) in each bank which supplies oil to cam phaser according to PWM (Pulse With Modulator) signal of the ECM, a CVVT Oil Temperature Sensor (OTS) which detects the oil temperature and a cam phaser which is installed on the end of the camshaft and converts camshaft phase. The oil getting out of the CVVT oil control valve flows into the cam phaser and rotates the rotor inside cam phaser. At this time, the camshaft rotates with the rotor and the cam phase is changed.
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- When camshaft rotates engine rotation-wise: Intake-Advance/Exhaust-Retard
- When camshaft rotates counter engine rotation-wise: Intake-Retard/Exhaust-Advance
Accelerator Position Sensor (APS) is installed on the accelerator pedal module and detects the rotation angle of the accelerator pedal. The APS is one of the most important sensors in engine control system, so it consists of the two sensors which adapt individual sensor power and ground line. The second sensor monitors the first sensor and its output voltage is half of the first one. If the ratio of the sensor 1 and 2 is out of the range (approximately 1/2), the diagnostic system judges that it is abnormal.
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Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor (FTPS) is a component of the evaporative emission control system and is installed on the fuel tank, the fuel pump, or the canister. It checks the purge control solenoid valve operation and detects a leakage of the system.
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Based on information from various sensors, the ECM determines the fuel injection amount. The fuel injector is a solenoid operated valve and the fuel injection amount is controlled by length of time that the fuel injector is held open.
The ECM controls each injector by grounding the control circuit. When the ECM energizes the injector by grounding the control circuit, the circuit voltage should be low (theoretically 0V) and the fuel is injected. When the ECM de-energizes the injector by opening control circuit, the fuel injector is closed and circuit voltage should be peak for a moment.
| CAUTION | If an injector connector is disconnected for more than 46 seconds while the engine runs, the ECM will determine that the cylinder is misfiring and cut fuel supply. So be careful not to exceed 46 seconds. But the engine runs normally in 10 seconds after turning the ignition key off. |
Purge Control Solenoid Valve (PCSV) is installed on the surge tank and controls the passage between the canister and the intake manifold. It is a solenoid valve and is open when the ECM grounds the valve control line. When the passage is open (PCSV ON), fuel vapor stored in the canister is transferred to the intake manifold.
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Continuously Variable Valve Timing (CVVT) system controls valve overlap with forcibly activating the camshaft and adjusts EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) amount. It decreases exhaust gas (NOx, HC) and improves fuel economy, idle state, torque in low speed and power in high speed. This system uses engine oil pressure and consists of the two CVVT Oil Control Valve (OCV) in each bank which supplies oil to cam phaser according to PWM (Pulse With Modulator) signal of the ECM, a CVVT Oil Temperature Sensor (OTS) which detects the oil temperature and a cam phaser which is installed on the end of the camshaft and converts camshaft phase. The oil getting out of the CVVT oil control valve flows into the cam phaser and rotates the rotor inside cam phaser. At this time, the camshaft rotates with the rotor and the cam phase is changed.
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- When camshaft rotates engine rotation-wise: Intake-Advance/Exhaust-Retard
- When camshaft rotates counter engine rotation-wise: Intake-Retard/Exhaust-Advance
Variable Intake Solenoid (VIS) Valve is installed on the surge tank. It controls intake air passages to improve intake efficiency in accordance with the ECM control signal calculated by engine operating condition.
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Canister Close Valve (CCV) is installed on the canister ventilation line. It seals evaporative emission control system by shutting the canister from the atmosphere when leakage detecting system operates.
