Lubrication and cooling

Why the engine needs temperature control, how a closed cooling system works, how the coolant flows through the small and large circuits, why the cylinder head and block get two circuits with two thermostats, and how an electrically heated thermostat works — with examples from different engines.

How a wax thermostat works, why the coolant temperature should change with load, how the control unit heats the thermostat using maps, and how a rotary slide valve module controls the coolant flows — with examples from different engines.

How the coolant pump is designed and driven, how a switchable pump stops circulation with an annular shroud actuated by vacuum or hydraulics, and how electric pumps work and check themselves — with examples from different engines.

Why is compressed air cooled, how is a liquid cooler in the intake manifold better than air, how is a separate low-temperature circuit arranged, and how does the supercharged air cooling pump turn on, tell about itself and what happens when it fails.

Cross-flow cooling, a thermostat opening at 95 °C, an inner circuit with the heater and turbocharger, the V51 recirculation pump and a coolant pump module belt-driven by the balance shaft.