Fastener Tightening Specifications
| Application | Specification |
| Metric | English |
| Catalytic Converter Nut | 50 N.m | 37 lb ft |
| Exhaust Manifold Bolt |
| First Pass | 20 N.m | 15 lb ft |
| Second Pass | 20 N.m | 15 lb ft |
| Final Pass | 20 N.m | 15 lb ft |
| Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Nut | 10 N.m | 89 lb in |
| Heat Shield Nut | 9 N.m | 80 lb in |
| Leaf Spring Bolt and Nut | 85 N.m | 63 lb ft |
| Lower Shock Absorber Bolt and Nut | 95 N.m | 70 lb ft |
| Muffler Nut | 45 N.m | 33 lb ft |
| Transmission Filler Tube Bracket Nut | 12.5 N.m | 111 lb in |
Fastener Tightening Specifications
Diagnostic Starting Point - Engine Exhaust
Begin the system diagnosis by reviewing the system Description and Operation. Reviewing the information will help you determine the correct symptom diagnostic procedure when a malfunction exists. It will also help you determine if the condition described by the customer is normal operation. Refer to Symptoms - Engine Exhaust in order to identify the correct procedure for diagnosing the system.
Symptoms - Engine Exhaust
- Review the Exhaust System Description and Operation in order to familiarize yourself with the system functions. Refer to «Exhaust System Description»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system__exhaust-system-description) .
- All diagnostics on a vehicle should follow a logical process. Strategy Based Diagnostics is a uniform approach for repairing all systems. The diagnostic flow is the place to start when repairs are necessary and may always be used in order to resolve a system problem. For a detailed explanation, refer to «Strategy Based Diagnosis»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/oem-general-information/#vehicle-diagnostic-information__strategy-based-diagnosis) .
Visual/Physical Inspection
- Inspect for aftermarket or non-OEM devices such as, but not including; tailpipe extensions, headers, and exhaust cutouts. This could affect the operation and proper performance of the exhaust system.
- Verify the exact operating conditions under which the concern exists. Note factors such as engine RPM, engine temperature, engine load, and frequency of concern.
- Inspect the easily accessible or visible system components for obvious damage or conditions which could cause any symptom.
Intermittent
Test the vehicle under the same conditions that the customer reported in order to verify the system is operating as designed.
Symptom List
Refer to a symptom diagnostic procedure from the following list in order to diagnose the symptom
- Loss of power-Refer to «Restricted Exhaust»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Poor acceleration-Refer to «Restricted Exhaust»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Poor fuel economy-Refer to «Restricted Exhaust»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Excessive smoke-diesel-Refer to «Restricted Exhaust»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Exhaust hissing noise-Refer to «Exhaust Leakage»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system__exhaust-leakage) .
- Exhaust popping noise-Refer to «Exhaust Leakage»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system__exhaust-leakage) .
- Exhaust rattle noise-Refer to «Exhaust Noise»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system__exhaust-noise) .
- Loud exhaust noise-Refer to «Exhaust Noise»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system__exhaust-noise)
- Exhaust buzz, groan, hum noise-Refer to «Exhaust Noise»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system__exhaust-noise) .
Special Tools
Diagnostic Aids
For dual exhaust systems a quick check of exhaust flow will help determine which side of the exhaust system is restricted. The side that has less exhaust flow is the side that will be suspect, and diagnosis should begin there.
Test Description
The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table.
- 4: The exhaust system has very low back pressure under normal conditions. If the exhaust system is restricted, a significant increase in the exhaust pressure is noticed on the J 35314-A . See «Special Tools»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) . Removing the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) may set a DTC. When finishing this diagnostic table, be sure to clear all codes.
- 5: This step will isolate the catalytic converter from the remainder of the exhaust system.
- 8: Confirming that the condition has been fixed is essential. If the symptom still exists and the vehicle has a dual exhaust system, proceed to step 2 and repeat diagnostic procedure on the opposite exhaust pipe.
Exhaust Leakage
Exhaust Noise
Removal Procedure
- Remove the exhaust seal. Refer to «Exhaust Seal Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Remove the exhaust manifold heat shield. Refer to «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (2.9L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) or «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (3.7L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Remove the exhaust manifold bolts.
- Remove the exhaust manifold and the gasket from the engine. Discard the gasket.
Installation Procedure
- Place a NEW exhaust manifold gasket on to the cylinder head.
- Position the exhaust manifold to the cylinder head.
- Apply threadlock GM P/N 12345493 (Canadian P/N 10953488) to the exhaust manifold bolt threads.
- Install the exhaust manifold bolts.
- Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence. Tighten: Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence to 20 N.m (15 lb ft). Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence to 20 N.m (15 lb ft). Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence to 20 N.m (15 lb ft).
- Install the exhaust manifold heat shield. Refer to «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (2.9L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) or «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (3.7L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Install the exhaust seal. Refer to «Exhaust Seal Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Remove the exhaust seal. Refer to «Exhaust Seal Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Remove the exhaust manifold heat shield. Refer to «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (2.9L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) or «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (3.7L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Remove the exhaust manifold bolts.
- Remove the exhaust manifold and the gasket from the engine. Discard the gasket.
- Place a NEW exhaust manifold gasket on to the cylinder head.
- Position the exhaust manifold to the cylinder head.
- Apply threadlock GM P/N 12345493 (Canadian P/N 10953488) to the exhaust manifold bolt threads.
- Install the exhaust manifold bolts.
- Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence. Tighten: Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence to 20 N.m (15 lb ft). Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence to 20 N.m (15 lb ft). Tighten the exhaust manifold bolts in sequence to 20 N.m (15 lb ft).
- Install the exhaust manifold heat shield. Refer to «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (2.9L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) or «Exhaust Manifold Heat Shield Replacement (3.7L)»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Install the exhaust seal. Refer to «Exhaust Seal Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Remove the 3 nuts attaching the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold.
- Position the exhaust system rearward, enough to allow clearance to remove the seal.
- Remove the exhaust manifold seal from the exhaust manifold flange. Discard the seal.
- Install the NEW seal to the exhaust manifold flange.
- Position the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold.
- Install the 3 nuts attaching the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold. Tighten: Tighten the catalytic converter nuts to 50 N.m (37 lb ft).
- Lower the vehicle.
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Disconnect the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) at the sensor pigtail (3).
- Remove the HO2S if replacement is necessary. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 2.9L engine or «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 3.7L engine.
- Remove the nuts securing the muffler to the catalytic converter.
- Position the muffler rearward, enough to allow the studs located in the front to clear the catalytic converter pipe flange.
- Remove the 3 nuts attaching the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold.
- Lower the catalytic converter from the vehicle.
- Remove the exhaust manifold seal from the exhaust manifold flange. Discard the seal.
- Install the NEW seal to the exhaust manifold flange.
- Position the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold.
- Install the 3 nuts attaching the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold. Do not tighten at this time.
- Align the catalytic converter with the studs located in the front of the muffler.
- Install the 2 nuts securing the muffler to the catalytic converter. Tighten: Tighten the muffler nuts by hand until each contacts the metal flange. Tighten the muffler nuts to 45 N.m (33 lb ft). Tighten the catalytic converter nuts previously installed in step 3 to 50 N.m (37 lb ft).
- Install the HO2S if previously removed. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 2.9L engine or «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 3.7L engine.
- Connect the HO2S at the sensor pigtail (3).
- Lower the vehicle.
- Remove the right torsion bar. Refer to «Torsion Bar Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/suspension-front/#front-suspension-system) .
- Disconnect the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) at the sensor pigtail (3).
- Remove the HO2S if replacement is necessary. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 2.9L engine or «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 3.7L engine.
- Remove the nuts securing the muffler to the catalytic converter.
- Position the muffler rearward enough to allow the studs located in the front to clear the catalytic converter pipe flange.
- Remove the 3 nuts attaching the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold.
- Lower the catalytic converter from the vehicle.
- Remove the exhaust manifold seal from the exhaust manifold flange. Discard the seal.
- Install the NEW seal to the exhaust manifold flange.
- Position the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold.
- Install the 3 nuts attaching the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold. Do not tighten at this time.
- Align the catalytic converter with the studs located in the front of the muffler.
- Install the 2 nuts securing the muffler to the catalytic converter. Tighten: Tighten the muffler nuts by hand until each contacts the metal flange. Tighten the muffler nuts to 45 N.m (33 lb ft). Tighten the catalytic converter nuts previously installed in step 3 to 50 N.m (37 lb ft).
- Install the HO2S if previously removed. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 2.9L engine or «Heated Oxygen Sensor 2 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) for the 3.7L engine.
- Connect the HO2S at the sensor pigtail (3).
- Install the right torsion bar. Refer to «Torsion Bar Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/suspension-front/#front-suspension-system) .
Exhaust System Insulator, Hanger, Bracket Replacement
Service the exhaust hangers individually in order to retain the support of the exhaust system.
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Apply a soapy solution to the following in order to ease the removal of the hanger (1): The frame support bracket rod (2) The exhaust pipe hanger rod (3)
- Pry the exhaust pipe hanger (1) free from the following: The frame support bracket rod (2) The exhaust pipe hanger rod (3)
- Apply a soapy solution to the following in order to ease the installation of the hanger (1): The frame support bracket rod (2) The inner diameter of the exhaust pipe hanger (1) The exhaust pipe hanger rod (3)
- Press the exhaust pipe hanger (1) over the following: The frame support bracket rod (2) The exhaust pipe hanger rod (3)
- Lower the vehicle.
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Complete the following in order to gain clearance to remove the muffler: Remove the lower shock absorber nuts (9) and bolts (8). Remove the right rear leaf spring nut (2) and bolt (1). Wedge a block of wood (5) between the frame (4) and the rear axle (6).
- Remove the nuts securing the muffler to the catalytic converter.
- Apply a soapy solution to the exhaust pipe hanger rods (3) in order to ease the removal of the exhaust hangers (1).
- Pry the exhaust hangers (1) free from the exhaust pipe hanger rods (3).
- Complete the following in order to remove the muffler from the vehicle: Slide the muffler rearward from the catalytic converter. Rotate the muffler 90 degrees counterclockwise from the rear. Carefully remove the muffler rearward from the vehicle.
- Complete the following in order to install the muffler to the vehicle: With the muffler turned 90 degrees counterclockwise from the rear, carefully insert the muffler over the rear axle until the flange is near the catalytic converter. Rotate the muffler clockwise 90 degrees to the installed position. Slide the muffler forward into position, aligning the studs with the rear of the catalytic converter.
- Apply a soapy solution to the following in order to ease the installation of the hangers (1): The inner diameter of the exhaust pipe hanger (1) The exhaust pipe hanger rod (3)
- Press the exhaust pipe hangers (1) over the exhaust pipe hanger rods (3).
- Install the nuts securing the muffler to the catalytic converter. Tighten: Tighten the muffler nuts by hand until each contacts the metal flange. Tighten the muffler nuts to 45 N.m (33 lb ft).
- Remove the block of wood (5) from between the frame (4) and rear axle (6).
- Install the right rear leaf spring bolt (1) and nut (2). Tighten: Tighten the leaf spring bolt and nut to 85 N.m (63 lb ft).
- Install the lower shock absorber bolts (8) and nuts (9). Tighten: Tighten the lower shock absorber bolts and nuts to 95 N.m (70 lb ft).
- Inspect the exhaust system for leaks and underbody contact.
- Lower the vehicle.
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Remove the 5 nuts securing the heat shield to the floor panel.
- Remove the catalytic converter heat shield from the floor panel.
- Position the catalytic converter heat shield to the floor panel studs.
- Install the 5 nuts securing the heat shield to the floor panel. Tighten: Tighten the heat shield nuts to 9 N.m (80 lb in).
- Lower the vehicle.
- Remove the air cleaner outlet duct. Refer to «Air Cleaner Outlet Duct Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Remove the air cleaner assembly. Refer to «Air Cleaner Assembly Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- If equipped with M30, remove the transmission filler tube bracket nut from the A.I.R. adapter, and position aside.
- Remove the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) from the exhaust manifold. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 1 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Remove the 3 nuts securing the heat shield to the exhaust manifold.
- Remove the exhaust manifold heat shield from the exhaust manifold.
- Position the exhaust manifold heat shield to the exhaust manifold.
- Apply anti-seize GM P/N 12371386 (Canadian P/N 993128) to the exhaust manifold heat shield nuts.
- Install the exhaust manifold heat shield nuts. Tighten: Tighten the nuts to 10 N.m (89 lb in).
- Install the HO2S to the exhaust manifold. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 1 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Position the transmission filler tube to the A.I.R. adapter if previously removed.
- Install the transmission filler tube bracket nut. Tighten: Tighten the nut to 12.5 N.m (111 lb in).
- Install the air cleaner assembly. Refer to «Air Cleaner Assembly Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Install the air cleaner outlet duct. Refer to «Air Cleaner Outlet Duct Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Remove the air cleaner outlet duct. Refer to «Air Cleaner Outlet Duct Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Remove the air cleaner assembly. Refer to «Air Cleaner Assembly Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-37l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- If equipped with M30, remove the transmission filler tube bracket nut from the A.I.R. adapter, and position aside.
- Remove the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) from the exhaust manifold. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 1 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-37l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Remove the 4 nuts securing the heat shield to the exhaust manifold.
- Remove the exhaust manifold heat shield from the exhaust manifold.
- Position the exhaust manifold heat shield to the exhaust manifold.
- Apply anti-seize GM P/N 12371386 (Canadian P/N 993128) to the exhaust manifold heat shield nuts.
- Install the exhaust manifold heat shield nuts. Tighten: Tighten the nuts to 10 N.m (89 lb in).
- Install the HO2S to the exhaust manifold. Refer to «Heated Oxygen Sensor 1 Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-37l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Position the transmission filler tube to the A.I.R. adapter if previously removed.
- Install the transmission filler tube bracket nut. Tighten: Tighten the nut to 12.5 N.m (111 lb in).
- Install the air cleaner assembly. Refer to «Air Cleaner Assembly Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-37l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Install the air cleaner outlet duct. Refer to «Air Cleaner Outlet Duct Replacement»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/testing-diagnostics/#engine-control-system-fuel-system-29l-introduction-2-of-2) .
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Remove the 4 nuts securing the heat shield to the floor panel.
- Remove the exhaust pipe heat shield from the floor panel.
- Position the exhaust pipe heat shield to the floor panel studs.
- Install the 4 nuts securing the heat shield to the floor panel. Tighten: Tighten the heat shield nuts to 9 N.m (80 lb in).
- Lower the vehicle.
- Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/chevrolet/colorado/i-2004-2012/remont/hoistjack/#general-information) .
- Remove the 3 nuts securing the heat shield to the floor panel.
- Remove the exhaust muffler heat shield from the floor panel.
- Position the exhaust muffler heat shield to the floor panel studs.
- Install the 3 nuts securing the heat shield to the floor panel. Tighten: Tighten the heat shield nuts to 9 N.m (80 lb in).
- Lower the vehicle.
Exhaust System Description
| IMPORTANT | Use of non-OEM parts may cause driveability concerns. |
The exhaust system carries exhaust gases, treated by the catalytic converter, through a resonator, if applicable and into the exhaust muffler where exhaust noise is lessened.
In order to secure the exhaust pipe to the exhaust manifold, a flange and seal-joint coupling is utilized. The exhaust system may utilize a slip-joint coupling design with a clamp and a U-bolt or a flange connection with a gasket.
Exhaust hangers and rubber insulators help to support the weight of the exhaust pipe along with insulating any exhaust system vibration, rattle, or noise.
Exhaust hangers also space the exhaust system away from the underbody of the vehicle and allows the exhaust system to expand as the exhaust system warms up.
Exhaust heat shields are used to protect the body and other components from damage due to the heat from the exhaust system.
The exhaust system may be comprised of the following components
- Exhaust manifold
- Exhaust pipes
- Catalytic converters
- Exhaust muffler
- Exhaust resonator, if equipped
- Exhaust tail pipe, if equipped
- Exhaust hangers
- Exhaust heat shields
Resonator
Some exhaust systems are equipped with a resonator. The resonator, located either before or after the muffler, allows the use of mufflers with less back pressure. Resonators are used when vehicle characteristics require specific exhaust tuning.
Catalytic Converter
The catalytic converter is an emission control device added to the engine exhaust system in order to reduce hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) pollutants from the exhaust gas.
The catalytic converter is comprised of a ceramic monolith substrate, supported in insulation and housed within a sheet metal shell. The substrate may be washcoated with 3 noble metals
- Platium (Pt)
- Palladium (Pd)
- Rhodium (Rh)
The catalyst in the converter is not serviceable.
Muffler
The exhaust muffler reduces the noise levels of the engine exhaust by the use of tuning tubes. The tuning tubes create channels inside the exhaust muffler that lower the sound levels created by the combustion of the engine.
Special Tools Illustration Tool Number/ Description J 35314-A Exhaust Back Pressure Gage
Scheme 1