Vibration Symptoms Diagnosis and Correction Cadillac XLR I

Tire and Wheel Runout Specifications

Tire and Wheel Runout Specifications

Diagnostic Starting Point - Vibration Diagnosis and Correction

1. Perform the «Vibration Analysis - Road Testing»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) table before using the other Vibration Analysis tables or the Symptom tables in order to effectively diagnose the customer's concern. The use of Vibration Analysis - Road Testing will first provide duplication of virtually any vibration concern and then identify the correct procedure for diagnosing the area of concern which has been duplicated.
2. Review the following Vibration Diagnostic Process.
3. Review the general descriptions to familiarize yourself with vibration theory and terminology, the J 38792-A , Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) 2 and the J 38792-VS , Vibrate Software. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) . Reviewing this information will help you determine whether the condition described by the customer is a potential operating characteristic or not. Refer to the following: «Vibration Theory and Terminology»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) «Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) Description and Operation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__electronic-vibration-analyzer-eva-description-and) «Vibrate Software Description and Operation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__vibrate-software-description-and-operation) «Reed Tachometer Description»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction)

Vibration Diagnostic Process

1. Gather specific information on the customer's vibration concern.
2. Perform the road testing steps in sequence as identified in Vibration Analysis - Road Testing in order to duplicate the customer's concern and evaluate the symptoms of the concern under changing conditions. Observe what the vibration feels like and what it sounds like. Observe when the symptoms first appear, when they change, and when they cease.
3. Determine if the customer's vibration concern is truly an abnormal condition or something that is potentially an operating characteristic of the vehicle.
4. Systematically eliminate or "rule-out" possible vehicle systems.
5. Focus diagnostic efforts on the remaining vehicle system and systematically eliminate or "rule-out" possible components of that system.
6. Make a repair on the remaining component, or components, which have not been eliminated systematically, and must therefore be the cause of the vibration.
7. Verify that the customer's concern has been eliminated or at least brought to an acceptable level.
8. Again perform the road testing steps in sequence as identified in Vibration Analysis - Road Testing in order to verify that the vehicle did not have more than one vibration occurring.

Preliminary Visual/Physical Inspection

1. Inspect for aftermarket equipment and modifications which could affect the operation of the vehicle rotating component systems.
2. Inspect the easily accessible or visible components of the vehicle rotating component systems for obvious damage or conditions which could cause the symptom.
3. Inspect the tire inflation pressures for the proper pressure.

Diagnostic Aids

Improper component routing or isolation, or components which are worn or faulty may be the cause of intermittent conditions that are difficult to duplicate. If the vibration concern could not be duplicated by following the steps of the Vibration Diagnostic Process, refer to Vibration Diagnostic Aids .

Test Description

The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table.

1. 4: Obtaining rotational speed for the components rotating at both tire/wheel speed and driveline speed is critical to systematically eliminating specific vehicle component groups. These component rotational speeds can be generated by using the J 38792-VS , Vibrate Software, or through calculating them manually. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) .
2. 8: IMPORTANT: Be certain to OBSERVE for disturbances that match the customer's description FIRST, then look at the J 38792-A frequency which corresponds with that disturbance. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) .
3. 9: Accelerate to a speed high enough above the speed of the disturbance to allow for the time needed to shift into NEUTRAL and for the engine to decrease in RPM to idle speed, before coasting down through the disturbance range.
4. 10: This test will either eliminate or confirm the engine as a contributing cause of the customer concern.

Vibration Analysis - Road Testing

Tire and Wheel Rotational Speed Calculation

Tools Required

J 38792-A Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) 2. See Special Tools .

A size P235/75R15 tire rotates ONE complete revolution per second (RPS), or 1 Hz, at a vehicle speed of 8 km/h (5 mph). This means that at 16 km/h (10 mph), the same tire will make TWO complete revolutions in one second, 2 Hz, and so on.

Tire Rotational Speed at 8 km/h (5 mph)

1. Determine the rotational speed of the tires in revolutions per second (RPS), or Hertz (Hz), at 8 km/h (5 mph), based on the size of the tires. Refer to the Tire Rotational Speed table. For example: According to the Tire Rotational Speed table, a P245/45ZR17 tire makes 1.12 revolutions per second (Hz) at a vehicle speed of 8 km/h (5 mph). This means that for every increment of 8 km/h (5 mph) in vehicle speed, the tire's rotation increases by 1.12 revolutions per second (Hz).
2. Determine the number of increments of 8 km/h (5 mph) that are present, based on the vehicle speed (km/h, mph) at which the disturbance occurs. For example: Assume that a disturbance occurs at a vehicle speed of 96 km/h (60 mph). A speed of 96 km/h (60 mph) has 12 INCREMENTS of 8 km/h (5 mph): 96 km/h (60 mph) divided by 8 km/h (5 mph) = 12 increments
3. Determine the rotational speed of the tires in revolutions per second (Hz), at the specific vehicle speed (km/h, mph) at which the disturbance occurs. For example: To determine the tire rotational speed at 96 km/h (60 mph), multiply the number of increments of 8 km/h (5 mph) by the revolutions per second (Hz) for one increment: 12 increments X 1.12 Hz = 13.44 Hz, rounded to 13 Hz
4. Compare the rotational speed of the tires at the specific vehicle speed at which the disturbance occurs, to the dominant frequency recorded on the J 38792-A during testing. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) . If the frequencies match, then a first-order disturbance related to the rotation of the tire/wheel assemblies is present. If the frequencies do not match, then the disturbance may be related to a higher order of tire/wheel assembly rotation.
5. To compute higher order tire/wheel assembly rotation related disturbances, multiply the rotational speed of the tires at the specific vehicle speed at which the disturbance occurs, by the order number: 13 Hz X 2, for second order = 26 Hz second-order tire/wheel assembly rotation related 13 Hz X 3, for third order = 39 Hz third-order tire/wheel assembly rotation related If any of these computations match the frequency of the disturbance, a disturbance of that particular order, relating to the rotation of the tire/wheel assemblies is present.

Driveline Rotational Speed Calculation

1. Determine the first order rotational speed of the driveline - transmission output shaft/ rear axle pinion gear - in revolutions per second (Hz), based on the first-order rotational speed of the tire/wheel assemblies and the drive axle ratio. 13 Hz X 3.42 drive axle ratio = 44.46 Hz, rounded to 44 Hz first-order driveline rotation related
2. Compare the rotational speed of the driveline - transmission output shaft/ rear axle pinion gear - at the specific vehicle speed at which the disturbance occurs, to the dominant frequency recorded on the J 38792-A during testing. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) . If the frequencies match, then a first-order disturbance related to the rotation of the driveline - transmission output shaft/ rear axle pinion gear - is present.

Component Rotational Speed Worksheet

Utilize the following worksheet as an aid in calculating the first, second and third order of tire/wheel assembly rotational speed and the first order of driveline (transmission output shaft/ rear axle pinion gear) rotational speed related disturbances that may be present in the vehicle.

If after completing the Tire/Wheel Rotation Worksheet, the frequencies calculated do NOT match the dominant frequency of the disturbance recorded during testing, either recheck the data, or attempt to rematch the figures allowing for 11/2-8 km/h (1-5 mph) of speedometer error.

If the possible tire/wheel assembly and/or driveline - transmission output shaft/ rear axle pinion gear - rotational speed related frequencies still do not match the dominant frequency of the disturbance, the disturbance is most likely torque/load sensitive.

If after completing the Tire/Wheel Rotation Worksheet, one of the frequencies calculated DOES match the dominant frequency of the disturbance, the disturbance is related to the rotation of that component group, tire/wheel assembly or driveline - transmission output shaft/ rear axle pinion gear.

Scheme 27

The numbers below refer to the step numbers in the diagnostic table

1. 4: A buildup of foreign material on a tire and wheel assembly and/or a damaged, abnormally or excessively worn tire and wheel assembly could cause a vibration disturbance.
2. 6: Tire and wheel assemblies that exhibit excessive runout when measured while mounted on the vehicle, may or may not be contributing to, or causing a vibration disturbance. On-vehicle runout, if present, could contribute to, or cause a vibration disturbance, but the cause of the on-vehicle runout may not be the tire and wheel assemblies.
3. 7: Tire and wheel assemblies that exhibit excessive runout when measured off of the vehicle could cause a vibration disturbance.
4. 10: Brake rotors that exhibit excessive imbalance could contribute to, or possibly cause a vibration disturbance.
5. 11: A hub/axle flange and/or wheel studs that exhibit excessive runout could cause a vibration disturbance.
6. 12: When the tire and wheel assembly and the hub axle flange are mounted to each other, the combined stack-up of their marginal amounts of runout could combine to produce an excessive amount of runout, which could cause a vibration disturbance. Match-mounting or vectoring the tire and wheel assembly to the hub/axle flange will modify the amount of combined runout.
7. 16: Force variation may be present in a tire and wheel assembly that exhibited acceptable balance and runout. Force variation, if present, could contribute to, or cause a vibration disturbance.
8. 18: Vibration disturbances could be affected by, or possibly caused by, components that are susceptible to steering input and/or torque-load input.
9. 20: On-vehicle balancing, or finish-balancing can be used to reduce small amounts of imbalance which may be present as a result of the combined stack-up of the tire and wheel assembly with other components which may exhibit marginal balance.

Vibration Analysis - Tire and Wheel

Vibration Analysis - Driveline

Vibration Analysis - Driveline

The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table

1. 2: This test will determine the effect of turning input on the vibration.
2. 6: This test will determine the effect of an initial heavy torque load on the vibration.
3. 7: Damaged or worn wheel drive shafts may cause a noise or vibration that may be transferred into the passenger compartment.
4. 9: Damaged or worn wheel bearings may cause a noise or vibration that may be transferred into the passenger compartment.
5. 10: Damaged or worn suspension components may cause a noise or vibration that may be transferred into the passenger compartment.
6. 11: Damaged or worn engine, transmission, and/or exhaust mounts may cause a noise or vibration that may be transferred into the passenger compartment.
7. 12: Incorrect trim height may cause binding and/or interference between components that may produce a vibration.

Vibration Analysis - Hub and/or Axle Input

The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table.

1. 2: If powertrain related DTCs are present, there may be a powertrain performance condition present which could be a contributing cause to the customer's concern.
2. 3: This step is designed to identify engine-speed related disturbances that are NOT torque or load sensitive.
3. 4: This step is designed to identify engine-speed related disturbances that ARE torque or load sensitive.
4. 6: Making comparisons of the customer's vehicle with an equally equipped, same model year and type, KNOWN GOOD vehicle will help determine if certain disturbances may be characteristic of a vehicle design.

Vibration Analysis - Engine

Engine First Order Classification

1. Convert the engine speed in revolutions per minute (RPM), recorded during duplication of the disturbance into Hertz, revolutions per second (RPS), by dividing the RPM by 60 seconds. Refer to the following example: 1,200 RPM divided by 60 = 20 Hz (or RPS)
2. Compare the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance with the engine speed just converted into Hz, to determine if they are related.
3. If the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance and the engine speed, converted into Hz, ARE related, then an engine FIRST ORDER related disturbance is present. Engine first order disturbances are usually related to an imbalanced component. Refer to the Engine Order Related Disturbances table.
4. If the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance and the engine speed, converted into Hz, are NOT related, then determine if the disturbance is related to the engine's firing frequency. Proceed to Engine Firing Frequency Classification.

Engine Firing Frequency Classification

Engine firing frequency is a term used to describe the number of firing pulses (one firing pulse = one cylinder firing) that occur during ONE complete revolution of the crankshaft, multiplied by the number of crankshaft revolutions per second, Hz.

1. Calculate the engine firing frequency. To determine the firing frequency of a 4-stroke engine during ONE complete revolution of the crankshaft, multiply the engine speed, converted into Hz, by HALF of the total number of cylinders in the engine. For example: The engine speed, converted into Hz, was 20 Hz; if the vehicle was equipped with a V8 engine, 4 of the 8 cylinders would actually fire during ONE complete revolution of the crankshaft. Multiply the converted engine speed (20 Hz) by 4 cylinders firing. 20 Hz X 4 = 80 Hz The engine firing frequency for a V8 engine at the original engine speed of 1,200 RPM, recorded during duplication of the disturbance, would be 80 Hz. In like manner, a 6-cylinder engine would have a firing frequency of 60 Hz at the same engine speed of 1,200 RPM. 20 Hz X 3 = 60 Hz
2. Compare the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance with the engine firing frequency in Hz, just calculated, to determine if they are related.
3. If the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance and the engine firing frequency in Hz, just calculated ARE related, then an engine FIRING FREQUENCY related disturbance is present. Engine firing frequency disturbances are usually related to improper isolation of a component. Refer to the Engine Order Related Disturbances table.
4. If the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance and the engine firing frequency in Hz, just calculated are NOT related, then determine if the disturbance is related to another engine order classification. Proceed to Other Engine Order Classification.

Other Engine Order Classification

1. Multiply the engine speed, converted into Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance by different possible order-numbers, other than 1 (first order) or the number used to determine the firing frequency of the engine.
2. Compare the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance with the other possible engine orders just calculated, to determine if they are related.
3. If the dominant frequency in Hz, recorded during duplication of the disturbance and one of the other engine order frequencies in Hz, just calculated ARE related, then an engine related disturbance of that order is present. If an engine related disturbance is present that is NOT related to first order or firing frequency, then it could be related to an engine driven accessory system. Proceed to Engine Driven Accessories Related to Engine Order.

Engine Driven Accessories Related to Engine Order

Engine driven accessory systems can be related to specific engine orders depending upon the relationship of the accessory pulley diameter to the crankshaft pulley diameter. For example

1. If the crankshaft pulley measured 20 cm (8 in) in diameter and one of the engine driven accessory pulleys measured 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, then that accessory pulley would rotate 2 times for every one rotation of the crankshaft pulley. If that accessory system was not isolated properly, or was not operating properly, it would be identifiable as a 2nd order engine related disturbance.
2. In like manner, if an engine driven accessory pulley measured 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, then that accessory pulley would rotate 4 times for every one rotation of the crankshaft pulley. If that accessory system was not isolated properly, or was not operating properly, it would be identifiable as a 4th order engine related disturbance.

Engine driven accessories that contribute to, are excited by, or are the sole cause of a disturbance are usually doing so because of improper isolation that causes a transfer path into the passenger compartment or to another major component of the vehicle body.

Using the J 38792-VS , Vibrate Software, accurately measuring the diameters of the accessory pulleys and the crankshaft pulley, and performing the appropriate diagnostic procedures completely will lead to the specific accessory system which is either contributing to, or causing the customer's concern. See Special Tools .

Engine Order Related Disturbances

The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table.

1. 4: A loose, damaged, misaligned, or defective powertrain insulator and/or bracket may create a transfer path into the passenger compartment.
2. 6: A loose, damaged, misaligned, or defective exhaust system insulator and/or bracket may create a transfer path into the passenger compartment.
3. 8: Incorrectly seated and/or aligned powertrain components and/or exhaust system components may create a transfer path into the passenger compartment. When loosening powertrain mounts in order to re-bed the powertrain observe the following: Do not loosen the mount bracket-to-engine bolts/nuts, do not loosen the mount bracket-to-vehicle frame bolts/nuts if mount brackets are used. Loosen the mount-to-mount bracket bolts/nuts if mount brackets are used, or loosen the mount-to-slotted holes in vehicle frame bolts/nuts if a direct-mount design is used.
4. 9: Non-rotating engine driven accessory component systems can no longer produce a unique disturbance.
5. 10: Non-rotating engine driven accessory components can no longer produce a unique disturbance. If a disturbance is still present, but the characteristics have been altered, it is possible that these component systems are acting as a transfer path for engine firing frequency or a first order engine disturbance. If a disturbance is still present, but the characteristics have NOT been altered, it is NOT likely that these component systems are acting as a transfer path for engine firing frequency or a first order engine disturbance.
6. 11: If the mark placed on the face of an engine driven accessory pulley seems to stand still while running this test, then that accessory system is either responding to an existing frequency, such as engine firing pulses, or creating a disturbance.
7. 12: A loose, damaged, misaligned, or defective engine driven accessory system insulator and/or bracket may create a transfer path into the passenger compartment.
8. 13: Removing the engine driven accessory and bracket, or brackets from the engine allows a thorough inspection to determine if any conditions are present that may create a transfer path into the passenger compartment.

Vibration Analysis - Engine/Accessory Isolation

The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table.

1. 2: If sufficient clearance exists to separate the transmission torque converter from the engine flywheel/flexplate, then further tests can be used to isolate the transmission from the engine.
2. 3: An engine flywheel/flexplate that has excessive lateral runout, when combined with the mass of the transmission torque converter, can produce a disturbance.
3. 4: An engine flywheel/flexplate that is loose at the engine crankshaft or that is cracked or damaged, when combined with the mass of the transmission torque converter, can produce a disturbance.
4. 5: This step is designed to isolate the transmission from the engine to determine if the disturbance is related to the engine ONLY.
5. 7: Re-indexing the transmission torque converter to the engine flywheel/flexplate alters the balance relationship between the torque converter and the rear of the engine.
6. 9: Placing the J 38792-A sensor onto the underside of the engine oil pan along the FRONT and the REAR edge allows for a determination to be made, which will help to narrow down the cause of the disturbance. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) .
7. 10: An engine flywheel/flexplate that is damaged, misaligned, and/or imbalanced, can produce a disturbance.
8. 11: An engine crankshaft balancer that is damaged, misaligned, and/or imbalanced, can produce a disturbance.

Vibration Analysis - Engine Balance

Vibration Diagnostic Aids

The diagnostic information contained in this Diagnostic Aids section will help you determine the correct course of action to take for the following 4 main conditions. Refer to the appropriate condition from this list

1. «Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Intermittent or Not Duplicated»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__vibration-diagnostic-aids-vibration-intermittent)
2. «Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Component Not Identified»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__vibration-diagnostic-aids-vibration-duplicated)
3. «Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Difficult to Isolate/Balance Component»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__vibration-diagnostic-aids-vibration-duplicated)
4. «Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Appears to Be Potential Operating Characteristic»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__vibration-diagnostic-aids-vibration-duplicated)

Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Intermittent or Not Duplicated

If you have not been able to duplicate the vibration concern or have only been able to duplicate the concern intermittently, review the following information.

Most vibration concerns that cannot be duplicated are due to either specific conditions that are not present during the duplicating attempts, or due to not following the procedures designed to duplicate concerns properly and in the sequence indicated.

Specific Conditions Can Affect the Condition

Consider the following conditions which may not have been present while attempts were made to duplicate the vibration concern. Attempt to obtain more specific information from the customer as to the EXACT conditions that are present when they experience the vibration which they are concerned about. Attempt to duplicate the vibration concern again while recreating the EXACT conditions necessary, except those which pose a safety concern or are outside the boundaries of normal operating conditions, such as loading the vehicle beyond its designed weight ratings, etc.

Most attempts to duplicate a vibration concern are made after the vehicle has been driven to the dealership and perhaps even sat inside the building for a time; the vehicle may be too warm to detect the concern during duplication efforts. The opposite could also occur; perhaps the vehicle has sat out in the cold for a time and fails to reach full operating temperatures during attempts to duplicate the concern.

Flat Spots on Tires

Tires which have sat and been cool for a time can develop flat spots.

Irregular Wear on Tire Treads

Tires which have sat and been cool for a time will be stiffer and any irregular wear conditions will be more noticeable than they will be once the tires have warmed and softened.

Exhaust System Growth

Exhaust systems may exhibit a ground-out condition when cool which goes away once the system hot. The opposite may be true that the exhaust system is fine when cool but a ground-out condition occurs once the system reaches operating temperatures. Exhaust systems can grow by 21/2-5 cm (1-2 in) when hot.

Engine-Driven Accessory Noises

1. Belt Whipping An engine accessory drive belt, or belts could exhibit a whipping condition if a belt is deteriorating and deposits are building up on the underside of the belt.
2. Loose Mounting Brackets or Component Ground-Out Engine-driven accessories such as a generator, a power steering pump, or an air conditioning compressor could exhibit noise conditions due to either loose mounting brackets or due to related components of the system in a ground-out condition during certain operation of that accessory system.
3. Cold or Hot These accessories could exhibit noise conditions when cool which go away once they are fully warmed-up, or the opposite may be true.
4. Load on an Accessory Component These accessories could exhibit a noise condition while under a heavy load - perhaps when combined with a cool or fully warmed-up condition.
5. Bent or Misaligned Pulleys Bent or mis-aligned pulleys in one or more engine-driven accessory systems could contribute to a noise or vibration condition.
6. Fluid Level in Accessory Systems These accessories could exhibit a noise condition due to an abnormal amount of fluid contained in the system of which the accessory is a part. An improper power steering fluid level could produce noises in the power steering system. An improper air conditioning refrigerant level or an excessive amount of refrigerant oil could produce noises or possibly vibrations in the air conditioning system.
7. Incorrect Fluid Type in Accessory Systems These accessories could exhibit a noise condition due to the incorrect type of fluid contained in the system of which the accessory is a part.

Vehicle Payload

The vibration concern may only occur when the vehicle is carrying heavy payloads or towing a trailer; the vehicle may have been empty during duplication efforts.

Heavy Payload

The vehicle may have been empty during attempts to duplicate the vibration concern, but the customer may actually experience the vibration concern while the vehicle is carrying a large payload.

Trailer Towing

The customer may experience the vibration concern only while towing a trailer.

Roadway Selection

The selection of roadways used to perform the vibration duplication procedures is likely to be in the near vicinity of the dealership and may not provide a road surface that is close enough to the surface on which the customer usually drives the vehicle.

The customer may only experience the vibration on a particular roadway. Perhaps the roadway is overly crowned or is very bumpy or rough.

Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Component Not Identified

Aftermarket Add-On Accessories

Aftermarket accessories which have been added to the vehicle can actually transmit and magnify INHERENT component rotational frequencies, if the accessories were not installed correctly.

An accessory should be installed in such a way that it is isolated from becoming a possible transfer path into the rest of the vehicle. For example, if a set of running boards has been installed improperly and they are sensitive to a particular frequency of a rotating component, the running boards could begin to respond to the frequency and actually create a disturbance once the amplitude of the frequency reaches a high enough point, probably at a higher vehicle speed.

If the same set of running boards were installed properly - isolated properly - the transfer path would be removed and the disturbance would no longer be present.

Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Difficult to Isolate/Balance Component

If you have duplicated the vibration concern but have had difficulty in balancing a component or isolating a component, refer to the following information.

Most vibration concerns are corrected or eliminated through correcting excessive runout of a component, correcting balance of a component or isolating a component which has come into abnormal contact with another object/component.

Components which can generate a lot of energy and are experiencing excessive runout, imbalance or ground-out can produce a vibration with a strong enough amplitude that the vibration can transmit to components which are closely related. This type of a condition is usually related to and sensitive to torque-load. The most likely system that could exhibit this type of a condition is the driveline.

Driveline Torque-Load Conditions

An axle differential that has internal conditions such as excessive runout of components, misalignment of components, imbalance, etc., can produce vibration concerns which may be transmitted into other driveline components. This sort of a vibration occurrence can increase or decrease in severity based primarily upon torque-load, but can also be affected by cold or hot conditions.

If the drive axle is suspected to have internal problems which are being transmitted to other driveline components, refer to Diagnostic Starting Point - Rear Drive Axle in Rear Drive Axle, for internal axle diagnostics.

Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Appears to Be Potential Operating Characteristic

Check Service Bulletins

If BOTH of the following statements are TRUE, then check service bulletins for the condition identified. If the condition has already been identified and investigated prior to this vehicle, and has been determined to be something that is not truly an operating characteristic or that perhaps is not design-intent, there will likely be adjustments or corrections identified which will address the condition.

1. You CAREFULLY followed the steps indicated through reviewing the Diagnostic Starting Point - Vibration Diagnosis and completing the Vibration Analysis tables identified and you have duplicated the vibration concern.
2. You have come to the conclusion through comparison with a very equally-equipped, same model year and type, KNOWN GOOD vehicle that the customer's concern is a condition that appears to be a potential operating characteristic of the vehicle.

Symptoms - Vibration Diagnosis and Correction

1. Begin the diagnosis of a vibration concern by reviewing the «Diagnostic Starting Point - Vibration Diagnosis and Correction»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__diagnostic-starting-point-vibration-diagnosis) to become familiar with the diagnostic process used to properly diagnose vibration concerns.
2. Perform the «Vibration Analysis - Road Testing»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) table before using these symptom tables in order to duplicate and effectively diagnose the customer concern.

Symptom Tables

Refer to a Vibration Analysis table as indicated in the following symptom tables, based on the most dominant characteristic of the customer vibration concern, felt or heard, that is evident during the appropriate condition of the occurrence.

Vibration Symptoms that are Felt

Vibration Symptoms that are Heard

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Diagnostic Comparison

Comparing the customer's vehicle to a KNOWN GOOD vehicle that is essentially identical will help determine if the customer's concern may be characteristic of a vehicle design. To arrive at a valid conclusion, the comparison must be performed under the same conditions, using the same criteria, on a vehicle that has the same option content as the customer's vehicle.

The comparison vehicle must match the customer's vehicle in the following areas

1. Year
2. Make
3. Model
4. Body style
5. Powertrain configuration
6. Driveline configuration
7. Final drive ratio
8. Tire/wheel size and type
9. Suspension package
10. Trailering package
11. GVW rating
12. Performance options
13. Luxury options

Scheme 28

The tires on all new production models have a tire performance criteria (TPC) rating number molded on the sidewall. The TPC rating will appear as a 4-digit number preceded by the letters TPC SPEC on the tire wall near the tire size. A replacement tire should have the same TPC rating.

Scheme 29

Inspect the tire and wheel assemblies for the following conditions

1. Unusual wear such as cupping, flat spots, and/or heel-and-toe wear These conditions can cause tire growl, tire howl, slapping noises, and/or vibrations throughout the vehicle.
2. Proper inflation to specifications for the vehicle
3. Bulges in the sidewalls Do not confuse bulges, which are an abnormal condition, with normal ply splices which are commonly seen as indentations in the sidewall.
4. Bent rim flanges

Tire and Wheel Assembly Runout Measurement - On-Vehicle

1. Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/hoistjack/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) in General Information.
2. Closely inspect each tire for proper and even bead seating.
3. If any of the tire beads were not properly or evenly seated, reseat the tire bead, then proceed to step 4. Refer to «Tire Mounting and Dismounting»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels__tire-mounting-and-dismounting) in Tires and Wheels.
4. Wrap the circumference of each tire with tape (1) in the center tread area. Wrapping the tread with tape allows for a smooth and accurate reading of radial runout to be obtained.
5. Position the dial indicator on the taped portion of the tire tread such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the tire tread surface.
6. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
7. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
8. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of radial runout. Specification: Maximum tire and wheel assembly radial runout - measured on-vehicle: 1.52 mm (0.060 in)
9. Position the dial indicator on a smooth portion of the tire sidewall, as close to the tread as possible, such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the tire sidewall surface.
10. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one complete revolution in order to find the low spot. Ignore any jumps or dips due to sidewall splices.
11. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
12. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of lateral runout. Ignore any jumps or dips due to sidewall splices and attain an average runout measurement. Specification: Maximum tire and wheel assembly lateral runout - measured on-vehicle: 1.52 mm (0.060 in)
13. Repeat steps 4 through 12 until all of the tire and wheel assembly radial and lateral runout measurements have been taken.
14. Lower the vehicle.

Tire and Wheel Assembly Runout Measurement - Off Vehicle

1. Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/hoistjack/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) in General Information.
2. Mark the location of the wheels to the wheel studs and mark the specific vehicle position on each tire and wheel - LF, LR, RF, RR.
3. Remove the tire and wheel assemblies from the vehicle. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
4. Closely inspect each tire for proper and even bead seating.
5. If any of the tire beads were not properly or evenly seated, reseat the tire bead, then proceed to step 6. Refer to «Tire Mounting and Dismounting»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels__tire-mounting-and-dismounting) in Tires and Wheels.
6. Mount a tire and wheel assembly on a spin-type wheel balancer. Locate the tire and wheel assembly on the balancer with a cone through the back side of the center pilot hole.
7. Wrap the outer circumference of each tire with tape (1) in the center tread area. Wrapping the tread with tape allows for a smooth and accurate reading of radial runout to be obtained.
8. Position the dial indicator on the taped portion of the tire tread such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the tire tread surface.
9. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
10. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
11. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of radial runout. Specification: Maximum tire and wheel assembly radial runout - measured off-vehicle: 1.27 mm (0.050 in)
12. Position the dial indicator on a smooth portion of the tire sidewall, as close to the tread as possible, such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the tire sidewall surface.
13. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one complete revolution in order to find the low spot. Ignore any jumps or dips due to sidewall splices.
14. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
15. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of lateral runout. Ignore any jumps or dips due to sidewall splices and attain an average runout measurement. Specification: Maximum tire and wheel assembly lateral runout - measured off-vehicle: 1.27 mm (0.050 in)
16. Repeat steps 6 through 15 until all of the tire and wheel assembly radial and lateral runout measurements have been taken.
17. If ANY of the tire and wheel assembly runout measurements were NOT within specifications, proceed to step 19.
18. If ALL of the tire and wheel assembly runout measurements WERE within specifications, then the off-vehicle tire and wheel assembly runout is considered acceptable.
19. Position the dial indicator on the horizontal outer surface of the wheel rim flange - with the tire still mounted - such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the rim flange surface. Wheel runout should be measured on both the inboard and outboard rim flanges, unless wheel design will not permit. Ignore any jumps or dips due to paint drips, chips, or welds.
20. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
21. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
22. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of wheel radial runout. Specification: Maximum aluminum wheel radial runout - measured off-vehicle, tire mounted: 0.76 mm (0.030 in)
23. Position the dial indicator on the vertical outer surface of the wheel rim flange - with the tire still mounted - such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the rim flange surface. Wheel runout should be measured on both the inboard and outboard rim flanges, unless wheel design will not permit. Ignore any jumps or dips due to paint drips, chips, or welds.
24. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
25. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
26. Slowly rotate the tire and wheel assembly one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of wheel lateral runout. Specification: Maximum aluminum wheel lateral runout - measured off-vehicle, tire mounted: 0.76 mm (0.030 in)
27. Repeat steps 19 through 26 until all of the wheel radial and lateral runout measurements have been taken on each of the - tire and wheel - assemblies with assembly runout measurements which were NOT within specifications.
28. If any of the wheel runout measurements were NOT within specifications, proceed to Measuring Wheel Runout - Tire Dismounted.
29. For any of the wheel runout measurements which WERE within specifications, while the - tire and wheel - assembly runout measurements were NOT within specifications, replace the tire, then balance the assembly. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__tire-and-wheel-assembly-balancing) .
30. After replacement of any tires, always remeasure the runout of the affected tire and wheel assembly, or assemblies.
31. Using the matchmarks made prior to removal, install the tire and wheel assemblies to the vehicle. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
32. Lower the vehicle.

Wheel Runout Measurement - Tire Dismounted

1. On the tire and wheel assembly, or assemblies with wheel runout measurements - tire mounted - which were NOT within specifications, mark each tire and wheel in relation to each other.
2. Dismount the tire from the wheel. Refer to «Tire Mounting and Dismounting»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels__tire-mounting-and-dismounting) in Tires and Wheels.
3. Mount the wheel on a spin-type wheel balancer.
4. Locate the wheel on the balancer with a cone through the back side of the center pilot hole.
5. Position the dial indicator on the horizontal inner surface of the wheel rim flange - with the tire dismounted - such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the rim flange surface. Wheel runout should be measured on both the inboard and outboard rim flanges. Ignore any jumps or dips due to paint drips, chips, or welds.
6. Slowly rotate the wheel one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
7. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
8. Slowly rotate the wheel one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of wheel radial runout. Specification: Maximum aluminum wheel radial runout - measured off-vehicle, tire dismounted: 0.76 mm (0.030 in)
9. Position the dial indicator on the vertical inner surface of the wheel rim flange - with the tire dismounted - such that the dial indicator is perpendicular to the rim flange surface. Wheel runout should be measured on both the inboard and outboard rim flanges. Ignore any jumps or dips due to paint drips, chips, or welds.
10. Slowly rotate the wheel one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
11. Set the dial indicator to zero at the low spot.
12. Slowly rotate the wheel one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of wheel lateral runout. Specification: Maximum aluminum wheel lateral runout - measured off-vehicle, tire dismounted: 0.76 mm (0.030 in)
13. Repeat steps 2 through 12 until all of the wheel radial and lateral runout measurements - tire dismounted - have been taken on each wheel with runout measurements - tire mounted - which were NOT within specifications.
14. If any of the wheel runout measurements - tire dismounted - were NOT within specifications, replace the wheel. Always measure the runout of any replacement wheels.
15. For any of the wheel runout measurements which WERE within specifications, while the - tire and wheel - assembly runout measurements were NOT within specifications, replace the tire, then balance the assembly. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__tire-and-wheel-assembly-balancing) .
16. Using the matchmarks made prior to dismounting the tire, or tires, mount the tire, or tires to the wheel, or wheels, then balance the assembly, or assemblies. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__tire-and-wheel-assembly-balancing) . Always measure the runout of any of the tire and wheel assemblies which have had the tires dismounted and mounted.
17. Using the matchmarks made prior to removal, install the tire and wheel assemblies to the vehicle. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
18. Lower the vehicle.

Brake Rotor/Drum Balance Inspection

1. Support the vehicle drive axle on a suitable hoist. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/hoistjack/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) in General Information.
2. Remove the tire and wheel assemblies from the drive axle. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
3. Reinstall the wheel nuts in order to retain the brake rotors.
4. Run the vehicle at the concern speed while inspecting for the presence of the vibration.
5. If the vibration is still present, remove the brake rotors from the drive axle, then run the vehicle back to the concern speed. Refer to «Rear Brake Rotor Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/mechanical-hydraulic/#disc-brake-system__rear-brake-rotor-replacement) in Disc Brakes.
6. If the vibration is eliminated when the brake rotors are removed from the drive axle, repeat the test with one rotor installed at a time. Replace the rotor that is causing or contributing to the vibration concern. Refer to «Rear Brake Rotor Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/mechanical-hydraulic/#disc-brake-system__rear-brake-rotor-replacement) in Disc Brakes.
7. If a brake rotor was replaced as a result of following the previous steps, or if necessary to confirm the results obtained during the previous steps, and/or to check the non-drive axle components, perform the following: Mount the brake rotor on a balancer in the same manner as a tire and wheel assembly. IMPORTANT: Check brake rotors for static imbalance only; ignore the dynamic imbalance readings. Inspect the rotor for static imbalance.

There is not a set tolerance for brake rotor static imbalance. However, any brake rotor measured in this same manner which is over 21 g (3/4 oz) may have the potential to cause or contribute to a vibration. Rotors suspected of causing or contributing to a vibration should be replaced. Any rotor that is replaced should be checked for imbalance in the same manner.

Hub/Axle Flange and Wheel Stud Runout Inspection

Tools Required

J 8001 Dial Indicator Set, or equivalent

1. Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/hoistjack/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) in General Information.
2. Mark the location of the wheels to the wheel studs and mark the specific vehicle position on each tire and wheel - LF, LR, RF, RR.
3. Remove the tire and wheel assemblies from the vehicle. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
4. Remove the brake rotors from the vehicle. Clean the mounting surfaces of the brake rotors and the hub/axle flanges of any loose debris, rust, and corrosion. Refer to «Front Brake Rotor Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/mechanical-hydraulic/#disc-brake-system__front-brake-rotor-replacement) and «Rear Brake Rotor Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/mechanical-hydraulic/#disc-brake-system__rear-brake-rotor-replacement) in Disc Brakes.
5. Position the J 8001 , or equivalent, on the machined surface of the wheel hub/axle flange outside of the wheel studs.
6. Rotate the hub one complete revolution in order to find the low spot.
7. Set the J 8001 , or equivalent, to zero at the low spot.
8. Rotate the hub one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of wheel hub/axle flange runout. Specification - Guideline: Wheel hub/axle flange runout tolerance guideline: 0.132 mm (0.005 in)
9. If the runout of the wheel hub/axle flange IS within specification, proceed to step 12.
10. If the runout of the wheel hub/axle flange is marginal, the wheel hub may or may not be the source of the disturbance.
11. If the runout of the wheel hub/axle flange is excessive, replace the wheel hub/axle flange. Measure the runout of the new wheel hub/axle flange. Refer to the appropriate procedure: «Front Wheel Bearing and Hub Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/suspension-front/#front-suspension-system) in Front Suspension «Rear Wheel Bearing and Hub Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/suspension-rear/#rear-suspension-system) in Rear Suspension
12. Position the J 8001 , or equivalent, in order to contact the wheel mounting studs. Measure the stud runout as close to the flange as possible.
13. Turn the hub one complete revolution to register on each of the wheel studs.
14. Zero the J 8001 , or equivalent, on the lowest stud.
15. Rotate the hub one more complete revolution and measure the total amount of wheel stud - stud circle - runout. Specification - Guideline: Wheel stud runout tolerance guideline: 0.254 mm (0.010 in)
16. If the runout of the wheel studs - stud circle - is marginal, the wheel studs may or may not be contributing to the disturbance.
17. If the runout of the wheel studs - stud circle - is excessive, replace the wheel studs as necessary. Measure the runout of the new wheel studs. Refer to the appropriate procedure: «Wheel Stud Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/suspension-front/#front-suspension-system) in Front Suspension «Wheel Stud Replacement»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/suspension-rear/#rear-suspension-system) in Rear Suspension

Force Variation

Force variation refers to a radial or lateral movement of the tire and wheel assembly which acts much like runout, however, force variation has to do with variations in the construction of the tire. These variations in tire construction may actually cause vibration in a vehicle, even though the tire and wheel assembly runout and balance may be within specifications.

Scheme 30

Radial force variation refers to the difference in the stiffness of a tire sidewall as the tire rotates and contacts the road. Tire sidewalls have some stiffness due to splices in the different plies of the tire, but these stiffness differences do not cause a problem unless the force variation is excessive. Stiff spots (1) in a tire sidewall can deflect a tire and wheel assembly upward as the assembly contacts the road.

Scheme 31

Lateral force variation refers to the difference in the stiffness or conformity of the belts within a tire as the tire rotates and contacts the road. Tire belts may have some stiffness or conformity differences, but these differences do not cause a problem unless the force variation is excessive. These variations in the belts of the tire can deflect the vehicle sideways or laterally. A shifted belt inside a tire may cause lateral force variation.

In most cases where excessive lateral force variation exists, the vehicle will display a wobble or waddle at low speeds - 8-40 km/h (5-25 mph) - on a smooth road surface.

Isolation Test Procedure

Perform the following test in order to determine if force variation is present in the vehicle.

1. Substitute a set of KNOWN GOOD - pre-tested - tire and wheel assemblies of the same size and type for the suspected original assemblies. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
2. Road test the vehicle to determine if the vibration is still present. Refer to «Vibration Analysis - Road Testing»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) .
3. If the vibration is still present while using the known good set of tire and wheel assemblies, then force variation is not the cause of the vibration.
4. If the vibration is eliminated when using the known good set of tire and wheel assemblies, install one of the original tire and wheel assemblies using the matchmarks made prior to removal. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels. Road test the vehicle to determine if the vibration has returned. Refer to «Vibration Analysis - Road Testing»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) .
5. Continue the process of installing the original tire and wheel assemblies one at a time, then road testing the vehicle, until the tire and wheel assembly, or assemblies which is causing the vibration has been identified.
6. Replace the tire, or tires on the vibration-causing tire and wheel assembly, or assemblies, then balance the assembly, or assemblies. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__tire-and-wheel-assembly-balancing) .

Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle

Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancer Calibration

Tire and wheel balancers can drift out of calibration over time, or can become inaccurate as a result of heavy use. There will likely not be any visual evidence that a calibration problem exists. If a balancer is not calibrated within specifications, and a tire and wheel assembly is balanced on that machine, the assembly may actually be imbalanced.

Tire and wheel assembly balancer calibration should be checked approximately every 2 weeks, if the machine is used frequently, and/or whenever the balance readings are questionable.

Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancer Calibration Test

Check the calibration of the tire and wheel assembly balancer according to the manufacturer's recommendations, or perform the following test.

1. Spin the balancer without a wheel or any of the adapters on the shaft.
2. Inspect the balancer readings. Specification: Zero within 7 g (1/4 oz)
3. If the balancer is within the specification range, balance a tire and wheel assembly - that is within radial and lateral runout tolerances - to ZERO, using the same balancer.
4. After the tire and wheel assembly has been balanced, add an 85 g (3 oz) test weight to the wheel at any location.
5. Spin the tire and wheel assembly again. Note the readings. In the static and dynamic modes, the balancer should call for 85 g (3 oz) of weight, 180 degrees opposite the test weight. In the dynamic mode, the weight should be called for on the flange of the wheel opposite the test weight.
6. With the assembly imbalanced to 85 g (3 oz), cycle the balancer 5 times.
7. Inspect the balancer readings: Specification: Maximum variation: 7 g (1/4 oz)
8. Index the tire and wheel assembly on the balancer shaft, 90 degrees from the previous location.
9. Cycle the balancer with the assembly at the new location.
10. Inspect the balancer readings: Specification: Maximum variation: 7 g (1/4 oz)
11. Repeat steps 8 through 10 until the tire and wheel assembly has been cycled and checked at each of the 4 locations on the balancer shaft.

Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing Guidelines

If the runout of the tire and wheel assemblies has not yet been measured, refer to Tire and Wheel Assembly Runout Measurement - Off Vehicle before proceeding.

There are 2 types of tire and wheel balance

Scheme 32

Static balance is the equal distribution of weight around the wheel circumference. The wheel balance weights (2) are positioned on the wheel in order to offset the effects of a heavy spot (3). Wheels that have static imbalance can produce a bouncing action called tramp.

Scheme 33

Dynamic balance is the equal distribution of weight on each side of the tire and wheel assembly centerline. The wheel balance weights (2) are positioned on the wheel in order to offset the effects of a heavy spot (3). Wheels that have dynamic imbalance have a tendency to move from side to side and can cause an action called shimmy.

Most off-vehicle balancers are capable of checking both types of balance simultaneously.

As a general rule, most vehicles are more sensitive to static imbalance than to dynamic imbalance; however, vehicles equipped with low profile, wide tread path, high performance tires and wheels are susceptible to small amounts of dynamic imbalance. As little as 14-21 g (1/2-3/4 oz) imbalance is capable of inducing a vibration in some vehicle models.

Balancing Procedure

1. Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/hoistjack/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) in General Information.
2. Mark the location of the wheels to the wheel studs and mark the specific vehicle position on each tire and wheel - LF, LR, RF, RR.
3. Remove the tire and wheel assemblies one at a time and mount on a spin-type wheel balancer. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
4. Carefully follow the wheel balancer manufacturer's instructions for proper mounting techniques to be used on different types of wheels. Regard aftermarket wheels, especially those incorporating universal lug patterns, as potential sources of runout and mounting concerns.
5. Be sure to use the correct type of wheel balance weights for the type of wheel rim being balanced. Be sure to use the correct type of coated wheel balance weights on aluminum wheels. Refer to Wheel Weight Usage.
6. Balance all four tire and wheel assemblies as close to zero as possible.
7. Using the matchmarks made prior to removal, install the tire and wheel assemblies to the vehicle. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
8. Lower the vehicle.

Wheel Weight Usage

Tire and wheel assemblies can be balanced using either the static or dynamic method.

Scheme 34

These coated weights reduce the potential for corrosion and damage to aluminum wheels.

1. MC (1) and AW (2) series weights are approved for use on aluminum wheels.
2. P (3) series weights are approved for use on steel wheels only.
3. T (4) series coated weights are approved for use on both steel and aluminum wheels.

Scheme 35

The contour and style of the wheel rim flange will determine which type of clip-on wheel weight (1) should be used. The weight should follow the contour of the rim flange. The weight clip should firmly grip the rim flange.

Scheme 36

When static balancing, locate the wheel balance weights on the inboard flange (2) if only 28 g (1 oz) or less is called for. If more than 28 g (1 oz) is called for, split the weights as equally as possible between the inboard (2) and outboard (1) flanges.

When dynamic balancing, locate the wheel balance weights on the inboard (2) and outboard (1) rim flanges at the positions specified by the wheel balancer.

Scheme 37

Adhesive wheel balance weights may be used on factory aluminum wheels. Perform the following procedure to install adhesive wheel balance weights.

1. Determine the correct areas for placement of the wheel weights on the wheel. When static balancing, locate the wheel balance weights along the wheel centerline (1) on the inner wheel surface if only 28 g (1 oz) or less is called for. If more than 28 g (1 oz) is called for, split the weights as equally as possible between the wheel centerline and the inboard edge of the inner wheel surface (2). When dynamic balancing, locate the wheel balance weights along the wheel centerline and the inboard edge of the inner wheel surface (2) at the positions specified by the wheel balancer.
2. Ensure that there is sufficient clearance between the wheel weights and brake system components.
3. Using a clean cloth or paper towel with a general purpose cleaner, thoroughly clean the designated balance weight attachment areas of any corrosion, overspray, dirt or any other foreign material.
4. To ensure there is no remaining residue, wipe the balance weight attachment areas again, using a clean cloth or paper towel with a mixture of half isopropyl alcohol and half water.
5. Dry the attachment areas with hot air until the wheel surface is warm to the touch.
6. Warm the adhesive backing on the wheel balance weights to room temperature.
7. Remove the protective covering from the adhesive backing on the back of the balance weights. DO NOT touch the adhesive surface.
8. Apply the wheel balance weights to the wheel, press into place with hand pressure.
9. Secure the wheel balance weights to the wheel with a 90 N (21 lb) force applied with a roller.

Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - On-Vehicle

Tools Required

J 38792-A Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) 2. See Special Tools .

If after following the tire and wheel vibration diagnostic process, some amount of tire and wheel vibration is still evident, an on-vehicle high-speed spin balancer may be used to perform an on-vehicle balance in an attempt to finish balance the tire and wheel assemblies, wheel hubs, brake rotors, and wheel trim, if equipped, simultaneously. On-vehicle balancing can also compensate for minor amounts of residual runout encountered as a result of mounting the tire and wheel assembly on the vehicle, as opposed to the balance which was achieved on the off-vehicle balancer.

In order to perform an on-vehicle balancing procedure, carefully follow the on-vehicle balancer manufacturer's specific operating instructions and carefully consider the following information before proceeding

1. Vehicles equipped with low profile, wide tread path, high performance tires and wheels are susceptible to small amounts of dynamic imbalance.
2. When performing an on-vehicle balance, great care must be taken when placing the wheel balance weights on the wheels. If the wheel balance weights are not placed accurately, they can actually induce dynamic imbalance and thus increase the severity of the vibration.
3. Inspect the vehicle wheel bearings to ensure that they are in good condition.
4. Thoroughly inspect all on-vehicle balancing equipment and ensure that it is fully within the manufacturer's recommended specifications.
5. Do not remove the off-vehicle balance weights. The purpose of on-vehicle balance is to fine tune the assembly balance already achieved off-vehicle, not to start over.
6. Leave all wheel trim installed whenever possible.
7. If the on-vehicle balancer calls for more than 28 g (1 oz) of additional weight, split the weight between the inboard and outboard flanges of the wheel, so as not to upset the dynamic balance of the assembly achieved in the off-vehicle balance. For wheel balance weight information, refer to «Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__tire-and-wheel-assembly-balancing) .
8. If available, tape-off an area on top of the fenders and the quarter panels, then place the vibration sensor of the J 38792-A , Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) 2, on the fender or quarter panel above the specific tire and wheel assembly while it is being on-vehicle balanced. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) . The J 38792-A will provide a visual indication of the amplitude of the vibration, and the effect that the on-vehicle balance has on it. See «Special Tools»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction) .

Tire and Wheel Assembly-to-Hub/Axle Flange Match-Mounting

1. Mark the location of the high spot on the tire and wheel assembly as determined during the on-vehicle tire and wheel assembly runout measurement.
2. Place a reference mark on the wheel stud that is located closest to the wheel valve stem. Always refer to the reference mark on the wheel stud as the 12 o'clock position. Refer to the location of the high spot by its clock position on the tire and wheel assembly, relative to the marked wheel stud.
3. Remove the tire and wheel assembly from the hub/axle flange. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
4. Rotate the tire and wheel assembly as close to 180 degrees as possible on the hub/axle flange, so that the wheel valve stem is now approximately at the 6 o'clock position in relation to the marked wheel stud.
5. Reinstall the wheel lug nuts to secure the tire and wheel assembly in the new position. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels) in Tires and Wheels.
6. Remeasure the tire and wheel assembly on-vehicle runout. Mark the new location of the assembly on-vehicle runout high spot on the tire. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Assembly Runout Measurement - On-Vehicle»(/cadillac/xlr/i-2003-2009/remont/oem-general-information/#vibration-symptoms-diagnosis-and-correction__tire-and-wheel-assembly-runout-measurement) .
7. If the assembly on-vehicle runout has been reduced and is within tolerance, no further steps are necessary.
8. If the assembly runout has NOT been reduced, perform the following steps: If the clock location of the high spot remained at or near the original clock location of the high spot, the hub/axle flange and/or the brake rotor/drum mounting flange is the major contributor to the assembly on-vehicle runout concern. If the clock location of the high spot is now at or near a position 180 degrees from the original clock location of the high spot, the tire and wheel assembly is the major contributor to the assembly on-vehicle runout concern. If the clock location of the high spot is now in-between the two extremes, then both the tire and wheel assembly and the hub/axle flange are contributing to the assembly on-vehicle runout concern. Rotate the tire and wheel assembly as close to an additional 90 degrees as possible in both the clockwise and the counterclockwise directions to obtain the lowest amount of assembly on-vehicle runout.

Vibration Theory

The designs and engineering requirements of vehicles have undergone drastic changes over the last several years.

Vehicles are stiffer and provide more isolation from road input than they did previously. The structures of today's stiffer vehicles are less susceptible to many of the vibrations which could be present in vehicles of earlier designs, however, vibrations can still be detected in a more modern vehicle if a transfer path is created between a rotating component and the body of the vehicle.

There are not as many points of isolation from the road in many vehicles today. If a component produces a strong enough vibration, it may overcome the existing isolation and the component needs to be repaired or replaced.

The presence/absence of unwanted noise and vibration is linked to the customer's perception of the overall quality of the vehicle.

Vibration is the repetitive motion of an object, back and forth, or up and down. The following components cause most vehicle vibrations

1. A rotating component
2. The engine combustion process firing impulses

Rotating components will cause vibrations when excessive imbalance or runout is present. During vibration diagnosis, the amount of allowable imbalance or runout should be considered a TOLERANCE and not a SPECIFICATION. In other words, the less imbalance or runout the better.

Rotating components will cause a vibration concern when they not properly isolated from the passenger compartment: Engine firing pulses can be detected as a vibration if a motor mount is collapsed.

A vibrating component operates at a consistent rate (km/h, mph, or RPM). Measure the rate of vibration in question. When the rate/speed is determined, relate the vibration to a component that operates at an equal rate/speed in order to pinpoint the source. Vibrations also tend to transmit through the body structure to other components. Therefore, just because the seat vibrates does not mean the source of vibration is in the seat.

Vibrations consist of the following three elements

1. The source - the cause of the vibration
2. The transfer path - the path the vibration travels through the vehicle
3. The responder - the component where the vibration is felt

Scheme 38

In the preceding picture, the source is the unbalanced tire. The transfer path is the route the vibrations travels through the vehicle's suspension system into the steering column. The responder is the steering wheel, which the customer reports as vibrating. Eliminating any one of these three elements will usually correct the condition. Decide, from the gathered information, which element makes the most sense to repair. Adding a brace to the steering column may keep the steering wheel from vibrating, but adding a brace is not a practical solution. The most direct and effective repair would be to properly balance the tire.

Scheme 39

Vibration can also produce noise. As an example, consider a vehicle that has an exhaust pipe grounded to the frame. The source of the vibration is the engine firing impulses traveling through the exhaust. The transfer path is a grounded or bound-up exhaust hanger. The responder is the frame. The floor panel vibrates, acting as a large speaker, which produces noise. The best repair would be to eliminate the transfer path. Aligning the exhaust system and correcting the grounded condition at the frame would eliminate the transfer path.

Basic Vibration Terminology

The following are the 2 primary components of vibration diagnosis

1. The physical properties of objects
2. The object's properties of conducting mechanical energy

The repetitive up and down or back and forth movement of a component cause most customer vibration complaints. The following are the common components that vibrate

1. The steering wheel
2. The seat cushion
3. The frame
4. The IP

Vibration diagnosis involves the following simple outline

1. Measure the repetitive motion and assign a value to the measurement in cycles per second or cycles per minute.
2. Relate the frequency back on terms of the rotational speed of a component that is operating at the same rate or speed.
3. Inspect and test the components for conditions that cause vibration.

For example, performing the following steps will help demonstrate the vibration theory

1. Clamp a yardstick to the edge of a table, leaving about 50 cm (20 in) hanging over the edge of the table.
2. Pull down on the edge of the stick and release while observing the movement of the stick.

The motion of the stick occurs in repetitive cycles. The cycle begins at midpoint, continues through the lowest extreme of travel, then back past the midpoint, through the upper extreme of travel, and back to the midpoint where the cycle begins again.

The cycle occurs over and over again at the same rate, or frequency. In this case, about 10 cycles in one second. If we measure the frequency to reflect the number of complete cycles that the yardstick made in one minute, the measure would be 10 cycles x 60 seconds = 600 cycles per minute (cpm).

We have also found a specific amount of motion, or amplitude, in the total travel of the yardstick from the very top to the very bottom. Redo the experiment as follows

1. Reclamp the yardstick to the edge of a table, leaving about 25 cm (10 in) hanging over the edge of the table.
2. Pull down on the edge of the stick and release while observing the movement of the stick.

The stick vibrates at a much faster frequency: 30 cycles per second (1,800 cycles per minute).

Scheme 40

Scheme 41

The word cycle comes from the same root as the word circle. A circle begins and ends at the same point, as thus, so does a cycle. All vibrations consist of repetitive cycles.

Scheme 42

Frequency is defined as the rate at which an event occurs during a given period of time. With a vibration, the event is a cycle, and the period of time is 1 second. Thus, frequency is expressed in cycles per second.

The proper term for cycles per seconds is Hertz (Hz). This is the most common way to measure frequency. Multiply the Hertz by 60 to get the cycles or revolutions per minute (RPM).

Scheme 43

Amplitude is the maximum value of a periodically varying quantity. Used in vibration diagnostics, we are referring it to the magnitude of the disturbance. A severe disturbance would have a high amplitude; a minor disturbance would have a low amplitude.

Amplitude is measured by the amount of actual movement, or the displacement. For example, consider the vibration caused by an out-of-balance wheel at 80 km/h (50 mph) as opposed to 40 km/h (25 mph). As the speed increases, the amplitude increases.

Free Vibration

Free vibration is the continued vibration in the absence of any outside force. In the yardstick example, the yardstick continued to vibrate even after the end was released.

Forced Vibration

Forced vibration is when an object is vibrating continuously as a result of an outside force.

Scheme 44

A spinning object with an imbalance generates a centrifugal force. Performing the following steps will help to demonstrate centrifugal force

1. Tie a nut to a string.
2. Hold the string. The nut hangs vertically due to gravity.
3. Spin the string. The nut will spin in a circle.

Centrifugal force is trying to make the nut fly outward, causing the pull you feel on your hand. An unbalanced tire follows the same example. The nut is the imbalance in the tire. The string is the tire, wheel, and suspension assembly. As the vehicle speed increases, the disturbing force of the unbalanced tire can be felt in the steering wheel, the seat, and the floor. This disturbance will be repetitive (Hz) and the amplitude will increase. At higher speeds, both the frequency and the amplitude will increase. As the tire revolves, the imbalance, or the centrifugal force, will alternately lift the tire up and force the tire downward, along with the spindle, once for each revolution of the tire.

Scheme 45

The natural frequency is the frequency at which an object tends to vibrate. Bells, guitar strings, and tuning forks are all examples of objects that tend to vibrate at specific frequencies when excited by an external force.

Suspension systems, and even engines within the mounts, have a tendency to vibrate at certain frequencies. This is why some vibration complaints occur only at specific vehicle speeds or engine RPM.

The stiffness and the natural frequency of a material have a relationship. Generally, the stiffer the material, the higher the natural frequency. The opposite is also true. The softer a material, the lower the natural frequency. Conversely, the greater the mass, the lower the natural frequency.

Scheme 46

All objects have natural frequencies. The natural frequency of a typical automotive front suspension is in the 10-15 Hz range. This natural frequency is the result of the suspension design. The suspension's natural frequency is the same at all vehicle speeds. As the tire speed increases along with the vehicle speed, the disturbance created by the tire increases in frequency. Eventually, the frequency of the unbalanced tire will intersect with the natural frequency of the suspension. This causes the suspension to vibrate. The intersecting point is called the resonance.

The amplitude of a vibration will be greatest at the point of resonance. While the vibration may be felt above and below the problem speed, the vibration may be felt the most at the point of resonance.

Scheme 47

Damping is the ability of an object or material to dissipate or absorb vibration. The automotive shock absorber is a good example. The function of the shock absorber is to absorb or dampen the oscillations of the suspension system.

Scheme 48

Two separate disturbances that are relatively close together in frequency will lead to a condition called beating, or phasing. A beating vibration condition will increase in intensity or amplitude in a repetitive fashion as the vehicle travels at a steady speed. This beating vibration can produce the familiar droning noise heard in some vehicles.

Beating occurs when 2 vibrating forces are adding to each other's amplitude. However, 2 vibrating forces can also subtract from each other's amplitude. The adding and subtracting of amplitudes in similar frequencies is called beating. In many cases, eliminating either one of the disturbances can correct the condition.

Order

Order refers to how many times an event occurs during 1 revolution of a rotating component.

Scheme 49

For example, a tire with 1 high spot would create a disturbance once for every revolution of the tire. This is called first-order vibration.

Scheme 50

An oval-shaped tire with 2 high spots would create a disturbance twice for every revolution. This is called second-order vibration. Three high spots would be third-order, and so forth. Two first-order vibrations may add or subtract from the overall amplitude of the disturbance, but that is all. Two first-order vibrations do not equal a second-order. Due to centrifugal force, an unbalanced component will always create at least a first-order vibration.

Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) Description and Operation

Tools Required

J 38792-A Electronic Vibration Analyzer. See Special Tools .

The J 38792-A , electronic vibration analyzer (EVA), is a 12-volt powered hand-held device, similar to a scan tool, which receives input from an attached vibration sensor or accelerometer and displays the most dominate input frequency(ies) (up to three) on its liquid crystal display. See Special Tools . The vibration concern frequency(ies) are obtained through the use of the J 38792-A while following the Vibration Analysis Diagnostic Tables. See Special Tools . The frequency(ies) obtained, when applied to the Vibration Analysis Diagnostic Tables, are used as a primary input to help determine the source of the vibration concern.

EVA Vibration Sensor

The J 38792-A vibration sensor incorporates a 6. See Special Tools .1 m (20 ft) cord, that allows the sensor to be placed on virtually any component of the vehicle where a vibration concern is felt.

The J 38792-A contains 2 sensor input ports which can be activated individually to allow for 2 individual vibration sensor inputs. See Special Tools . The vibration sensors can then be placed in 2 different locations in the vehicle and their individual inputs can be read without having to stop a test, move the sensor and resume the test. The use of 2 vibration sensors can help in more quickly finding and recording an accurate frequency of the vibration concern, and in more quickly making comparisons between 2 different areas of a single component, or a vehicle system, during the diagnostic process.

EVA Vibration Sensor Placement

Proper placement of the J 38792-A vibration sensor (accelerometer) is critical to ensure that proper vibration readings are obtained by the J 38792-A . See Special Tools . The vibration sensor should be placed on the specific vehicle component identified as being the most respondent to the vibration. If no component has been identified, install the sensor to the steering column as a starting point.

EVA Vibration Sensor-to-Component Attachment

The vibration sensor of the J 38792-A is designed to pickup disturbances which primarily occur in the vertical plane, since most vibrations are felt in that same up-and-down direction. See Special Tools . The J 38792-A vibration sensor is therefore directional sensitive and must be attached to vehicle components such that the side of the sensor marked UP is always facing upright and the sensor body is as close to horizontal as possible. See Special Tools . The sensor must be installed in the exact same position each time tests are repeated or comparisons are made to other vehicles.

The J 38792-A vibration sensor can be attached to vehicle components in various ways. See Special Tools . For non-ferrous surfaces, such as the shroud of a steering column, the sensor can be attached using putty, or hook and loop fasteners. For ferrous surfaces, the sensor can be attached using a magnet supplied with the sensor.

EVA Software Cartridge

The J 38792-A uses a software cartridge, the J 38792-60, which provides various information to the J 38792-A . See Special Tools . The J 38792-60 provides the J 38792-A with an additional feature which can be selected and utilized to assist in diagnosing vibration concerns. See Special Tools .

This support-feature is available through the J 38792-A Auto-Mode function. See Special Tools . When selected, the J 38792-A will prompt the user to select which one of 2 vehicle systems (vehicle speed or engine speed), is the SUSPECTED source of the vibration concern. See Special Tools . Using the inputted vehicle data parameters along with the most dominate vibration frequency obtained, it will identify a SUSPECTED source of the vibration concern, such as first-order tire and wheel. This can be a useful feature when used in conjunction with the Vibration Analysis Diagnostic Tables, to confirm results obtained through the diagnostic process.

EVA Smart Strobe Function

The J 38792-A can be used to identify some rotating components/systems which exhibit imbalance IF the component rotational speed is the dominant frequency of the vibration concern. See Special Tools . The J 38792-A is equipped with a strobe light trigger wire which can be used with an inductive pickup timing light, J 38792-25 , or equivalent included with the J 38792-KIT, or available separately. See Special Tools . Using the Smart Strobe function enables the user to input the vibration frequency to which the strobe will flash. By marking the suspected rotating component, such as a pulley, adjusting the strobe frequency to match the dominant vibration frequency at the engine RPM noted during diagnosis, and then operating the engine at that specific RPM, the mark on the object will appear to be stationary if that object is imbalanced.

EVA Strobe Balancing Function

The J 38792-A can be used to identify the light spot on a propeller shaft IF the propeller shaft rotational speed is the dominant frequency of the vibration concern. See Special Tools . The J 38792-A is equipped with a strobe light trigger wire which can be used with an inductive pickup timing light, J 38792-25 , or equivalent included with the J 38792-KIT, or available separately, and in conjunction with the J 38792-A vibration sensor to identify the light spot on a propeller shaft and to help in making a determination as to when propeller shaft balance is obtained. See Special Tools .

Averaging/Non-Averaging Modes

The EVA provides 2 modes of displaying the most dominate frequencies which the EVA vibration sensor (accelerometer) detects; averaging and non-averaging (instantaneous).

The averaging mode uses multiple vibration samples taken over a period of time and then displays the most dominant frequencies which have been averaged-out. Using the averaging mode minimizes the distractions caused by a sudden vibration frequency being displayed that is not related to the concern vibration, such as from pot holes or from uneven road surfaces.

The non-averaging (instantaneous) mode is more sensitive to vibration disturbances than the averaging mode. Using the non-averaging mode will generate instantaneous frequency displays which are not averaged across multiple samples over a period of time; the specific vibration frequencies that occur at a specific moment during diagnostic testing will be displayed at that moment. The non-averaging (instantaneous) mode is useful when measuring a vibration disturbance that exists for only a short period of time or during acceleration/deceleration testing.

When operating the EVA in the averaging mode along with the Auto Mode, "A" will be displayed along the top of the screen to the left of the vibration sensor input port being used. When operating the EVA in the averaging mode and the Manual Mode, "AVG" will be displayed along the top center of the screen.

When operating the EVA in the non-averaging (instantaneous) mode along with the Auto Mode, "I" will be displayed along the top of the screen to the left of the vibration sensor input port being used. When operating the EVA in the non-averaging (instantaneous) mode and the Manual Mode, the top center of the screen will be blank.

Scheme 51

The most dominant input frequencies, up to three, received from the J 38792-A vibration sensor, are displayed in descending order of amplitude strength. See Special Tools .

The frequency readings are displayed along the left side of the screen, followed to the right by either a bar graph or the suspected source of the vibration - depending upon the mode selected, then the amplitude reading for each frequency along the right side of the screen. The top row of the screen indicates the units of measure being displayed for the frequencies along the left side and for the amplitudes along the right side. The top row also indicates the vibration sensor input port which was selected on the keypad (A or B) and which mode was selected: averaging or non-averaging (instantaneous).

The frequency(ies) can be displayed in either revolutions per minute (RPM) or revolutions per second; Hertz (Hz). The selected display type (RPM or Hz) will be indicated at the left side of the screen, above the frequency readings.

When the AUTO MODE function is not in use, a bar graph is displayed next to each frequency to provide a quick visual indication of the relative amplitude strength.

When the AUTO MODE function is being used, the suspected source of the vibration is displayed next to each frequency to provide support to the diagnostic process.

The actual amplitude strength of each frequency is displayed at the right side of the screen and shown in G's-of-acceleration force.

Vibrate Software Description and Operation

The J 38792-VS , Vibrate Software, is a computer software program which is designed to be used in support of the Vibration Analysis diagnostic tables, along with the J 38792-A , Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) and a scan tool, to help in determining the source of a vibration concern. See Special Tools . The J 38792-VS is designed to provide quick calculations and produce a chart of the rotational speeds and frequency ranges for specific vehicle systems and components, based upon vehicle data parameters inputted by the user. See Special Tools .

The J 38792-VS uses the vehicle data parameters, such as axle ratio, number of engine cylinders, etc. See Special Tools . to create the base chart, depicting the relationships of the various vehicle systems and/or components. The chart view can be modified to show data related to vehicle speed only, engine speed only, or both vehicle speed and engine speed. The user can then plot the dominant frequency reading obtained on the J 38792-A which correlates with the vibration concern, and the engine RPM obtained on a scan tool which correlates with the concern. See Special Tools . Once these pieces of data are correctly plotted, the chart will point to the source of the vibration concern, which should confirm the results obtained through the following the Vibration Analysis diagnostic tables.

Scheme 52

The reed tachometer consists of 2 rows of reeds arranged side-by-side. Each reed is tuned to vibrate or resonate when it is excited by a specific frequency. The reeds are arranged by their specific resonant frequency, increasing from left to right, ranging from 10-80 Hz. This arrangement allows for a visual display of the most dominate frequencies which fall within this range.

The reed tachometer can be a helpful diagnostic tool, however it is extremely sensitive to external inputs that are not related to the vibration concern, such as rough road surfaces, etc., and it is difficult to master its use. Due to these conditions, the reed tachometer has limited diagnostic capability.

Due to the limited diagnostic capability, limited availability and increasing costs of the reed tachometer, it is NOT recommended as the primary tool to use in diagnosing a vibration concern.

When diagnosing a vibration concern, use the J 38792-A , electronic vibration analyzer (EVA). See Special Tools . The J 38792-A has been designed to overcome the shortcomings to the reed tachometer. See Special Tools . Refer to Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) Description and Operation .

Special Tools and Equipment

Special Tools and Equipment Illustration Tool Number/Description J 8001 Dial Indicator Set J 38792-A Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) 2 J 38792-VS Vibrate Software J 38792-25 Inductive Pickup Timing Lamp

Scheme 53

Scheme 54

Scheme 55

See also:
• Scan Tool Does Not Communicate with Class 2 Device
• Tire Mounting and Dismounting
• Wheel Stud Replacement
• Wheel Stud Replacement
• Front Brake Rotor Replacement
• Rear Brake Rotor Replacement
• Diagnostic Starting Point - Rear Drive Axle
• Wheel Drive Shaft Replacement
• Wheel Bearings Diagnosis
• Engine Mount Replacement - Left Side
• Trim Height Specifications
• Diagnostic Starting Point - Engine Controls
• Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle
• Engine Flywheel Replacement
• Crankshaft Balancer Replacement
• Diagnostic Starting Point - Automatic Transmission
• Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation
• Vibration Analysis - Road Testing
• Electronic Vibration Analyzer (EVA) Description and Operation
• Vibrate Software Description and Operation
• Vibration Diagnostic Aids
• Diagnostic Starting Point - Vibration Diagnosis and Correction
• Vibration Analysis - Driveline
• Symptoms - Vibration Diagnosis and Correction
• Tire and Wheel Assembly Runout Measurement - On-Vehicle
• Tire and Wheel Assembly Balancing - Off Vehicle
• Brake Rotor/Drum Balance Inspection
• Hub/Axle Flange and Wheel Stud Runout Inspection
• Tire and Wheel Assembly-to-Hub/Axle Flange Match-Mounting
• Vehicle-to-Vehicle Diagnostic Comparison
• Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Intermittent or Not Duplicated
• Vibration Diagnostic Aids - Vibration Duplicated, Component Not Identified