Power Steering System Buick Enclave I

Fastener Tightening Specifications

Fastener Tightening Specifications

Power Steering Pump Specifications

Power Steering Pump Specifications

Scheme 1

Scheme 2

Diagnostic Code Index

DIAGNOSTIC CODE INDEX

Diagnostic Instructions

1. Perform the «Diagnostic System Check - Vehicle»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/oem-general-information/#vehicle-diagnostic-information) prior to using this diagnostic procedure.
2. Review «Strategy Based Diagnosis»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/oem-general-information/#vehicle-diagnostic-information__strategy-based-diagnosis) for an overview of the diagnostic approach.
3. «Diagnostic Procedure Instructions»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/oem-general-information/#vehicle-diagnostic-information__diagnostic-procedure-instructions) provides an overview of each diagnostic category.

Diagnostic Fault Information

Circuit/System Description

The electronic brake control module (EBCM) controls the variable effort steering (VES) actuator on the steering gear. The EBCM controls the actuator using 0 to 1.0 Amp. At 0 mph the EBCM supplies 1.0 Amp to the actuator. As the vehicle speed increases the amperage to the actuator decreases.

Conditions for Running the DTC

1. Ignition ON.
2. Engine OFF test - Initial ignition ON, no engine RPM or vehicle speed present.
3. Engine ON test - If Engine OFF test passes, engine RPM and vehicle speed present.

Conditions for Setting the DTC

A short to voltage, short to ground, or open/high resistance is detected on the high control or low control circuit.

Action Taken When the DTC Sets

1. The ABS and red brake warning indicators illuminate.
2. The driver information center (DIC) displays SERVICE STEERING SYSTEM.
3. The VES system is disabled for the remainder of the ignition cycle.

Conditions for Clearing the DTC

1. A current DTC will clear when the malfunction is no longer present.
2. A history DTC will clear after 100 consecutive ignition cycles with the malfunction no longer present.

Reference Information

Schematic Reference

Power Steering Schematics

Connector End View Reference

COMPONENT CONNECTOR END VIEWS - INDEX

Description and Operation

Variable Effort Steering System Description and Operation

Electrical Information Reference

1. «Circuit Testing»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#wiring-systems-and-power-management-diagnostic-information-and-procedures__circuit-testing)
2. «Connector Repairs»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#wiring-systems-and-power-management-diagnostic-information-and-procedures__connector-repairs)
3. «Testing for Intermittent Conditions and Poor Connections»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#wiring-systems-and-power-management-diagnostic-information-and-procedures__testing-for-intermittent-conditions-and-poor)
4. «Wiring Repairs»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#wiring-systems-and-power-management-diagnostic-information-and-procedures__wiring-repairs)

Scan Tool Reference

Control Module References for scan tool information

Circuit/System Verification

Engine running, using a scan tool perform the VES Actuator test. Command the actuator while turning the steering wheel, the effort should increase when commanded between 10-100%.

Circuit/System Testing

1. Ignition OFF, disconnect the harness connector at the VES actuator.
2. Ignition ON, Command the VES actuator to 100% with a scan tool.
3. Test for B+ between the high control circuit terminal 2 and ground. If not the specified value, test the high control circuit for a short to ground or an open/high resistance. If the circuit tests normal, replace the EBCM.
4. Connect a DMM, set on the diode setting, between the low control circuit terminal 1 and ground.
5. Command the VES actuator to 0% with a scan tool. The DMM reading should be greater than 2.5 volts or display O.L. If less than the specified value, test the low control circuit for a short to voltage or a short to ground. If the circuit tests normal, replace the EBCM.
6. Command the VES actuator to 100% with a scan tool. The DMM reading should be less than 1 volt. If greater than the specified range, test the low control circuit for an open/high resistance. If the circuit tests normal, replace the EBCM.
7. If all circuits test normal, test or replace the VES actuator.

Component Testing

1. Ignition OFF, disconnect the harness connector at the VES actuator.
2. Test for 5-10 ohms between the control terminals 1 and 2. If not within the specified range, replace the VES actuator.
3. Test for infinite resistance between each terminal and the VES actuator housing/case. If not the specified value, replace the VES actuator.

Repair Instructions

Perform the Diagnostic Repair Verification after completing the diagnostic procedure.

1. «Steering Gear Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system)
2. «Control Module References»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/communication-devices/#programming-and-setup-all-systems__control-module-references) for EBCM replacement, setup, and programming

Visual/Physical Inspection

1. Inspect for aftermarket devices which could affect the operation of the power steering system.
2. Inspect the easily accessible or visible system components for obvious damage or conditions which could cause the symptom.
3. Inspect for leaking power steering components. If necessary, refer to «Power Steering Fluid Leaks»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__power-steering-fluid-leaks) .
4. Verify the power steering reservoir for the proper operating specification. Refer to «Checking and Adding Power Steering Fluid»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__checking-and-adding-power-steering-fluid) .
5. Inspect the power steering fluid for the following indications of contamination: Milky fluid - water Brown fluid - burnt Debris in fluid - plastic or dirt
6. If necessary, flush the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Flushing»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .

Symptoms List

Refer to a symptom diagnostic procedure from the following list in order to diagnose the symptom

1. «Power Steering Fluid Leaks»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__power-steering-fluid-leaks)
2. «Rattle, Clunk, or Shudder Noise from the Power Steering System»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system)
3. «Whine or Growl Noise from the Power Steering System»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system)
4. «Steering Effort Hard in One or Both Directions»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-effort-hard-in-one-or)
5. «Steering Effort Too Easy in One or Both Directions»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-effort-too-easy-in-one)

Scheme 3

Test Description

The numbers below refer to the step numbers on the diagnostic table.

1. 5 This step tests the system for restrictions.
2. 7 This step tests the following components for the following conditions: The pump for internal leaks The power steering pipes for kinks
3. 8 This step tests the ability of the pump to regulate flow at maximum pressure.
4. 10 This step tests the ability of the pump to regulate flow under normal operating conditions.
5. 12 This step tests the internal components of the pump and the gear.

Power Steering System Test

Power Steering Fluid Leaks

Special Tools

GE-28431-6 Fluorescent Dye

For equivalent regional tools, refer to Special Tools .

Note. If fluid is found on a manual steering gear or on an electronic power steering gear, do not replace steering gear. Vehicles equipped with these systems do not use hydraulic power steering fluid. The fluid may be assembly fluid or another system fluid. Clean the components and identify the sources of the leaks before attempting to repair or replace any power steering components. Clearly mark all locations of leaks with paint, marker, or equivalent for warranty identification and engineering root cause analysis.

Some customers may comment on a fluid LEAK or NOISY power steering pump. Upon inspection, the technician may find power steering fluid leaking from the hydraulic power steering system. Use the following inspection procedure in order to diagnose the source of the leak and take appropriate action to correct the condition.

1. Inspect the fluid level in the power steering fluid reservoir. Refer to «Checking and Adding Power Steering Fluid»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__checking-and-adding-power-steering-fluid) . If the fluid level is NOT low, a careful analysis of the condition is necessary to confirm that the type of fluid is actually power steering fluid.
2. Visually inspect the power steering system and components where the fluid has accumulated.
3. Use a clean towel or a rag in order to completely clean off all residual fluid from the power steering components.
4. Add 30 cc (1 oz) of GE-28431-6 dye to the power steering fluid.
5. Start the vehicle and warm the steering system by turning to the left steering stop and to the right steering stop 10 times with the weight of the vehicle on the front tires.
6. Turn vehicle engine OFF.
7. Shine a black light on the area where the residual fluid accumulated. Identify the sources of the leaks.
8. Mark all locations of leaks with paint, marker, or equivalent.
9. Repair or replace all affected components.

Rattle, Clunk, or Shudder Noise from the Power Steering System

Whine or Growl Noise from the Power Steering System

Steering Effort Too Easy in One or Both Directions

Steering Effort Too Easy in One or Both Directions

Steering Effort Hard in One or Both Directions

Steering Effort Hard in One or Both Directions

Steering Linkage Inner Tie Rod Inspection

Special Tools

GE-8001 Dial Indicator Set

For equivalent regional tools, refer to Special Tools .

1. Turn the ignition key to the ON position with the engine OFF.
2. With the aid of an assistant, turn the steering wheel to the full stop position and hold the steering wheel in that position until the test is complete. Part of the steering linkage inner tie rod (2) being tested should be inside the steering gear housing. The inner tie rod housing (1) being tested should be inside the steering gear housing and seated against the steering stop.
3. Raise and support the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) .
4. If there is not a good location for the GE-8001 dial indicator pointer at the steering gear housing, install a large worm gear hose clamp (3) to the steering gear housing over the larger steering gear boot clamp and align the clamp so that the screw can be a location for the GE-8001 dial indicator pointer.
5. Install the GE-8001 dial indicator between the inner tie rod and the steering gear housing or the worm gear clamp in such a way as to measure the lash between the inner tie rod and the steering gear housing. The lash between the inner tie rod and the steering gear housing is equal to the lash between the inner tie rod and the inner tie rod housing because the inner tie rod housing is inside the steering gear housing during this procedure.
6. Grasping the tire at the 3 o'clock (2) and 9 o'clock (1) positions, gently push in on one side of the tire in order to remove any lash.
7. Zero the GE-8001 dial indicator.
8. On the same side of the tire previously pushed in, gently pull out and measure the lash.
9. Record the measurement shown on the GE-8001 dial indicator.
10. If the measured value exceeds 0.5 mm (0.02 in), replace the inner tie rod. Refer to «Steering Linkage Inner Tie Rod Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-linkage-inner-tie-rod-replacement) .
11. Repeat the procedure for the other side.

Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Inspection

Special Tools

GE-8001 Dial Indicator Set

For equivalent regional tools, refer to Special Tools .

1. Inspect the outer tie rod seal. If the outer tie rod seal is torn, replace the outer tie rod. Refer to «Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-linkage-outer-tie-rod-replacement) .
2. Raise the side of the vehicle being inspected with a floor jack while maintaining contact between the opposite wheel and the shop floor. Support the lower control arm with a floor jack stand as far outboard as possible and remove the floor jack. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) .
3. Install the GE-8001 dial indicator between the outer tie rod and the steering knuckle as shown in the graphic. Note that the tire and wheel assembly is shown removed only for clarification of the GE-8001 dial indicator position.
4. Grasping the tire at the 3 o'clock (2) and 9 o'clock (1) positions, gently push in on one side of the tire to remove any lash.
5. Zero the GE-8001 dial indicator.
6. On the same side of the tire previously pushed inwards, gently pull outwards and measure the lash.
7. Record the measurement shown on the GE-8001 dial indicator.
8. If the measured value exceeds 0.5 mm (0.02 in), replace the outer tie rod. Refer to «Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-linkage-outer-tie-rod-replacement) .
9. Repeat the procedure for the other side.

Special Tools

1. CH-43485 Power Steering Bleeder Adapter
2. GE-23738-A Vacuum Pump

For equivalent regional tools, refer to Special Tools .

Note. If you service the power steering system, you will not be able to obtain an accurate fluid level reading unless you bleed the air from the power steering system. Hoses touching the frame, body or engine may cause system noise. Ensure the hoses do not touch any other part of the vehicle. Loose connections may not leak, but could allow air into the steering system. Ensure all hose connections are tight. Maintain the power steering fluid level throughout the bleeding procedure. Use clean, new power steering fluid only. Refer to Fluid and Lubricant Recommendations . Introducing too much air into the power steering system will increase the amount of time required to bleed the system. DO NOT start the engine until instructed to do so. DO NOT use a hoist. Keep the rear tires on the ground.

1. Apply the park brake.
2. Using a floor jack and jack stands, raise the front of the vehicle until the center of the front wheels are approximately 61 cm (24 in)off the ground. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) .
3. Fill the power steering fluid reservoir with fluid to the bottom of the filler neck. Leave the cap off.
4. Place towels around the power steering fluid reservoir neck in order to catch any fluid flowing out of the reservoir.
5. With the key in the ON position and with the ENGINE OFF, turn the steering wheel from stop to stop until the fluid level stabilizes and there are fewer bubbles in the reservoir.
6. Ensure the fluid level is at the bottom of the filler neck.
7. Connect the CH-43485 adapter to the GE-23738-A pump clear hose.
8. Hold the CH-43485 adapter on the top of the reservoir filler neck.
9. Apply a vacuum of 68 kPa (20 in Hg, 10 psi).
10. Set the GE-23738-A pump down. The vacuum will hold the CH-43485 adapter in place.
11. Maintain a vacuum of 68 kPa (20 in Hg, 10 psi)while turning the steering wheel from stop to stop. Hold the steering wheel at each steering stop until there are fewer bubbles in the GE-23738-A pump clear hose.
12. With the steering wheel in the straight ahead position, maintain a vacuum of 68 kPa (20 in Hg, 10 psi)for 5 minutes.
13. Inspect the condition of the fluid in the GE-23738-A pump clear hose. If any bubbles are in the fluid, repeat steps 11 and 12.
14. Lower the vehicle.
15. Relieve the vacuum in the GE-23738-A pump.
16. Remove the CH-43485 adapter from the reservoir filler neck.
17. Ensure the power steering fluid level is at the MAX mark on the capstick fluid level indicator.
18. With the reservoir cap off, start the engine. Slowly rotate the steering wheel from stop to stop 10 times. Hold the steering wheel at each stop for 2 seconds.
19. Verify the steering system does not shudder while turning the steering wheel. If the steering system exhibits a shudder condition, repeat steps 1 through 18.
20. Turn the engine OFF.
21. Ensure the power steering fluid level is at the MAX mark on the capstick fluid level indicator. Install the cap to the reservoir. Refer to «Checking and Adding Power Steering Fluid»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__checking-and-adding-power-steering-fluid) .
22. Test drive the vehicle.

Checking and Adding Power Steering Fluid

1. Clean the area surrounding the reservoir cap.
2. Remove the reservoir cap.
3. Inspect the power steering pump fluid level at regular intervals. Use the appropriate procedure below. Add fluid when required. Refer to «Fluid and Lubricant Recommendations»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/lubrication-system/#maintenance-and-lubrication__fluid-and-lubricant-recommendations) . Fluid Is Hot Run the engine until the fluid reaches about 80°C (170°F). Turn the engine OFF. Remove the reservoir cap. Inspect the fluid level on the capstick. Ensure that the fluid level is at the HOT/FULL/MAX mark on the capstick.
4. If the fluid level is low, add power steering fluid to the proper level.
5. Install the reservoir cap.
6. When checking the fluid level after servicing the steering system, bleed the air from the system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .

1. Ensure the engine is OFF.
2. Apply the park brake.
3. Using a floor jack and jack stands, raise the front of the vehicle until the center of the front wheels are approximately 61 cm (24 in) off the ground. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) .
4. Place a large container under the vehicle in order to collect the draining fluid.
5. Loosen the hose clamp (1) and disconnect the power steering fluid reservoir inlet hose from the power steering fluid reservoir.
6. Plug the power steering fluid reservoir inlet port.
7. With the key ON and the engine OFF, turn the steering wheel fully to the left and to the right while an assistant maintains the minimum fluid level in the reservoir using NEW approved power steering fluid. Refer to «Fluid and Lubricant Recommendations»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/lubrication-system/#maintenance-and-lubrication__fluid-and-lubricant-recommendations) . Continue until the fluid from the power steering fluid reservoir inlet hose runs clear.
8. Remove the plug from the power steering fluid reservoir inlet port.
9. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir inlet hose to the reservoir. Secure the hose with the clamp.
10. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
11. Inspect the power steering fluid for the following indications of contamination: Milky fluid - water Brown fluid - burnt Plastic debris or dirt chunks
12. If the fluid is contaminated, repeat steps 5 through 11.
13. Ensure there are no power steering fluid leaks.
14. Lower the vehicle.

Removal Procedure

1. Remove the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
2. Remove as much power steering fluid from the remote power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
3. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
4. Compress the power steering reservoir inlet hose clamp (1) and disconnect the hose from the remote power steering fluid reservoir.
5. Compress the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose clamp (1) and disconnect the hose from the remote power steering fluid reservoir.
6. Remove the remote power steering fluid reservoir bolts (1).
7. Remove the remote power steering fluid reservoir (2).

Installation Procedure

1. Install the remote power steering fluid reservoir (2).
2. Install the remote power steering fluid reservoir bolts (1) and tighten to 9 (80 lb in).
3. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose and clamp (1).
4. Connect the power steering reservoir inlet hose and clamp (1).
5. Clean all excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
6. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
7. Install the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .

1. Remove the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
2. Remove the right side engine mount strut bracket. Refer to «Engine Mount Strut Bracket Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
3. Remove as much power steering fluid from the remote power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
4. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
5. Disconnect the power steering reservoir inlet hose (1).
6. Disconnect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1).
7. Remove the remote power steering fluid reservoir bracket bolts (1).
8. Remove the remote power steering fluid reservoir bracket (2).
9. Transfer any parts as needed.

1. Install the remote power steering fluid reservoir bracket (2).
2. Install the remote power steering fluid reservoir bracket bolts (1) and tighten to 9 (80 lb in).
3. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1).
4. Connect the power steering reservoir inlet hose (1).
5. Clean all excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
6. Install the right side engine mount strut bracket. Refer to «Engine Mount Strut Bracket Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
7. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
8. Install the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .

Scheme 4

Power Steering Pump Pulley Replacement

1. Remove the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
2. Remove as much power steering fluid from the remote power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
3. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
4. Remove the drive belt. Refer to «Drive Belt Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
5. Remove the steering gear heat shield. Refer to «Steering Gear Heat Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
6. Remove the right side catalytic convertor. Refer to «Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
7. Disconnect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1) from the power steering pump.
8. Disconnect the power steering gear inlet hose (1) from the power steering pump.
9. Remove the power steering pump bolts (2).
10. Remove the power steering pump (1) from the vehicle.
11. Transfer any parts as needed.

1. Install the power steering pump (1) to the vehicle.
2. Install the power steering pump bolts (2) and tighten to 50 N.m (37 lb ft).
3. Connect the power steering gear inlet hose fitting (1) to the power steering pump and tighten to 34 N.m (25 lb ft).
4. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1) to the power steering pump.
5. Clean any excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
6. Install the right side catalytic convertor. Refer to «Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
7. Install the steering gear heat shield. Refer to «Steering Gear Heat Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
8. Install the drive belt. Refer to «Drive Belt Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
9. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
10. Install the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .

Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Replacement

Special Tools

1. J-24319-B Steering Linkage and Tie Rod Puller
2. SA91100C Tie Rod Separator

For equivalent regional tools, refer to Special Tools .

1. Remove the front tire and wheel assembly. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels__tire-and-wheel-removal-and-installation) .
2. Remove the steering linkage outer tie rod nut (1).
3. Loosen the steering linkage inner tie rod nut (1).
4. Use the J-24319-B puller for Buick, GMC, and Chevrolet and the SA91100C separator for Saturn in order to disconnect the steering linkage outer tie rod from the steering knuckle.
5. Remove the steering linkage outer tie rod (2) from the steering linkage inner tie rod (1). Count the total number of complete rotations necessary in order to remove the steering linkage outer tie rod from the steering linkage inner tie rod.

1. Install the steering linkage outer tie rod (3) to the steering linkage inner tie rod (1) with the same number of complete rotations counted during the removal. Do not tighten the steering linkage inner tie rod nut (2), yet.
2. Connect the steering linkage outer tie rod (2) to the steering knuckle (1).
3. Ensure the threads on the steering linkage outer tie rod nut (1) and on the outer tie rod stud are clean an free from corrosion. If the threads on a part are corroded, replace the corroded part.
4. Install the steering linkage outer tie rod nut to the outer tie rod stud. Ensure the nut develops 2 N.m (18 lb in) of torque, or drag, on the stud prior to the nut seating. If the nut does NOT meet this specification, replace the nut.
5. Tighten the steering linkage outer tie rod nut to 30 N.m (22 lb ft).
6. Tighten the steering linkage outer tie rod nut an additional 120 degrees.
7. Ensure that 2.5-4.5 steering linkage outer tie rod threads are visible beyond the steering linkage outer tie rod nut nylon.
8. Install the front tire and wheel assembly. Refer to «Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/wheel-tire-system/#tires-and-wheels__tire-and-wheel-removal-and-installation) .
9. Measure and adjust the front toe. Refer to «Wheel Alignment - Steering Wheel Angle and/or Front Toe Adjustment»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/wheel-alignment/#wheel-alignment-system__wheel-alignment-steering-wheel-angle) .
10. Tighten the steering linkage inner tie rod nut (1) to 75 N.m (55 lb ft).

1. Remove the right front frontwards wheelhouse liner. Refer to «Front Wheelhouse Front Liner Replacement (Enclave - Acadia)»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) , «Front Wheelhouse Front Liner Replacement (Traverse)»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) .
2. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
3. Loosen the power steering cooler pipe clamp (2) and disconnect the power steering cooler pipe (3) from the power steering fluid cooler (1).
4. Remove the power steering gear outlet hose bracket bolt (1).
5. Remove and discard the power steering gear outlet hose clamp (2).
6. Disconnect the power steering cooler pipe from the power steering gear outlet hose (4,3).
7. Remove any plastic retaining clips on the power steering cooler pipe and discard them.
8. Remove the power steering cooler pipe from the vehicle.

1. Install the power steering cooler pipe to the vehicle.
2. Install a new power steering cooler pipe clamp (2).
3. Connect the power steering cooler pipe to the power steering gear outlet hose (4,3).
4. Install the power steering gear outlet hose bracket bolt (1) and tighten to 8 N.m (71 lb in).
5. Connect the power steering cooler pipe (3) to the power steering fluid cooler (1) and tighten the power steering cooler pipe clamp (2).
6. Clean any excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
7. Install the right front frontwards wheelhouse liner. Refer to «Front Wheelhouse Front Liner Replacement (Enclave - Acadia)»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) , «Front Wheelhouse Front Liner Replacement (Traverse)»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) .
8. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .

Scheme 5

Power Steering Fluid Cooler Replacement

Scheme 6

Power Steering Fluid Reservoir Inlet Hose Replacement

1. Remove the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .
2. Remove as much power steering fluid from the remote power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
3. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
4. Disconnect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1) from the remote power steering fluid reservoir.
5. Disconnect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1) from the power steering pump.
6. Remove the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose from the vehicle.

1. Install the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose to the vehicle.
2. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1) to the power steering pump.
3. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose (1) to the remote power steering fluid reservoir.
4. Clean all excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
5. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
6. Install the fuel injector sight shield. Refer to «Fuel Injector Sight Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/mechanical/#engine-mechanical-36l-repair-instructions-on-vehicle) .

1. Remove the right side catalytic convertor. Refer to «Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system)
2. Remove as much power steering fluid from the remote power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
3. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
4. Disconnect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose from the power steering pump. Refer to «Power Steering Fluid Reservoir Outlet Hose Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system)
5. Unclip the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose from the power steering gear inlet hose bracket.
6. Remove the power steering gear inlet hose bracket bolt (1).
7. Remove the power steering gear inlet hose bracket nut (2).
8. Disconnect the power steering gear inlet hose (1) from the power steering pump.
9. Remove the power steering gear inlet hose retaining plate bolt (1).
10. Remove the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip bolt (2).
11. Remove the power steering gear inlet hose from underneath the vehicle.

1. Install the power steering gear inlet hose to the vehicle from underneath the vehicle and place the power steering gear inlet hose end into the steering gear.
2. Install the power steering gear inlet hose retaining plate bolt (1) and tighten to 12 N.m (106 lb in).
3. Install the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip bolt (2) and tighten to 9 N.m (80 lb in).
4. Connect the power steering gear inlet hose (1) to the power steering pump and tighten to 34 N.m (25 lb ft).
5. Install the power steering gear inlet hose bracket and bolt (1) and tighten to 8 N.m (71 lb in).
6. Install the power steering gear inlet hose bracket and nut (2) and tighten to 8 N.m (71 lb in).
7. Connect the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose to the power steering pump. Refer to «Power Steering Fluid Reservoir Outlet Hose Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system)
8. Clip the power steering fluid reservoir outlet hose to the power steering gear inlet hose bracket.
9. Clean any excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
10. Install the right side catalytic convertor. Refer to «Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system)
11. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .

1. Remove as much power steering fluid from the remote power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
2. Hoist and raise the vehicle. Refer to «Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/ignition-switchsteering-lock/#general-information__lifting-and-jacking-the-vehicle) .
3. Place drain pans under the vehicle as needed.
4. Remove the power steering gear inlet hose retaining plate bolt (1) and the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip bolt (2).
5. Pull the power steering gear outlet hose out of the steering gear.
6. Remove the power steering gear outlet hose bracket bolt (1).
7. Remove and discard the power steering gear outlet hose crimp clamp (2).
8. Disconnect the rubber segment from the metal segment of the power steering gear outlet hose (3, 4).
9. Remove any plastic retaining clips on the power steering gear outlet hose and discard them.
10. Remove the power steering gear outlet hose from the vehicle.

1. Position the power steering gear outlet hose to the vehicle.
2. Position a new power steering gear outlet hose clamp (2).
3. Connect the rubber segment to the metal segment of the power steering gear outlet hose (3, 4).
4. Crimp the new power steering gear outlet hose crimp clamp.
5. Install the power steering gear outlet hose bracket bolt (1) and tighten to 8 N.m (71 lb in).
6. Insert the steering gear outlet hose in to the steering gear.
7. Install the power steering gear inlet hose retaining plate bolt (1) and tighten to 12 N.m (106 lb in).
8. Install the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip bolt (2) and tighten to 9 N.m (80 lb in).
9. Clean any excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
10. Fill and bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .

Scheme 7

Steering Gear Heat Shield Replacement

1. Lock the steering column in the straight-ahead position.
2. Place drain pans under the vehicle.
3. Remove as much power steering fluid from the power steering fluid reservoir as possible.
4. Disconnect the steering linkage outer tie rods from the steering knuckles. Refer to «Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-linkage-outer-tie-rod-replacement) .
5. Disconnect the stabilizer shaft links at the stabilizer shaft. Refer to «Stabilizer Shaft Link Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/suspension-front/#front-suspension-system) .
6. Disconnect the intermediate steering shaft from the steering gear. Refer to «Intermediate Steering Shaft Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/steering-column-switches/#steering-wheel-and-steering-column) .
7. Remove the rear propeller shaft, if equipped. Refer to «Propeller Shaft Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/driveshaft-universal-joints/#propeller-shaft) .
8. Remove the underbody rear side rails. Refer to «Underbody Rear Side Rail Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) .
9. Remove the frame brace. Refer to «Frame Brace Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) .
10. Remove the right side catalytic convertor. Refer to «Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
11. Remove the steering gear heat shields. Refer to «Steering Gear Heat Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
12. Position adjustable jack stands underneath the left and right sides of the vehicle at the rear of the front frame.
13. Remove the left and right front frame reinforcement mounting bolts (1).
14. Loosen the front frame reinforcement mounting bolts (1).
15. Loosen the front frame mounting bolts (2). NOTE: When the front frame mounting bolts are removed always discard and replace them with new bolts.
16. Loosen the front frame rear mounting bolts (1).
17. Lower the front frame (1) from the frame rail (2) until enough clearance is gained to remove the steering gear.
18. Remove the power steering gear inlet hose retaining plate bolt (1).
19. Disconnect the power steering gear inlet and outlet hoses from the steering gear.
20. Remove the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip bolt (2).
21. Separate the power steering gear inlet and outlet hoses from the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip.
22. Remove the left side steering gear nuts (1) and bolts (2).
23. Remove the right side steering gear bolts (1).
24. Remove the steering gear from the vehicle toward the left side of the vehicle.

1. Position the steering gear in the vehicle from the left side of the vehicle.
2. Install the left side steering gear nuts (1) and bolts (2) and tighten to 180 N.m (133 lb ft).
3. Install the right side steering gear bolts (1) and tighten to 100 N.m (74 lb ft).
4. Install the power steering gear inlet and outlet hoses to the steering gear.
5. Install the power steering gear inlet hose retaining plate bolt (1) and tighten to 12 N.m (106 lb in).
6. Install the power steering gear inlet and outlet hoses to the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip.
7. Install the power steering gear inlet and outlet pipe clip bolt (2) and tighten to 9 N.m (80 lb in).
8. Raise the front frame to the vehicle body leaving a gap of approximately 12 mm (0.5 in).
9. Install the left and right front frame reinforcement mounting bolts (1) and tighten to 50 N.m (37 lb ft).
10. Install the front frame rear mounting bolts (1) and tighten to 100 N.m (74 lb ft).
11. Tighten the front frame rear mounting bolts an additional 90 degrees.
12. Install the front frame mounting bolts (2) and tighten to 100 N.m (74 lb ft).
13. Tighten the front frame mounting bolts an additional 90 degrees.
14. Install the front frame reinforcement mounting bolts (1) and tighten to 50 N.m (37 lb ft).
15. Remove the adjustable jack stands from underneath the vehicle.
16. Clean any excess fluid from the vehicle and remove the drain pans.
17. Install the underbody rear side rails. Refer to «Underbody Rear Side Rail Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) .
18. Install the rear propeller shaft, if equipped. Refer to «Propeller Shaft Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/driveshaft-universal-joints/#propeller-shaft) .
19. Install the steering gear heat shields. Refer to «Steering Gear Heat Shield Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
20. Install the right side catalytic convertor. Refer to «Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/exhaust/#engine-exhaust-system) .
21. Install the frame brace. Refer to «Frame Brace Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/frames-subframes-crossmembers/#frame-and-underbody) .
22. Connect the intermediate steering shaft to the steering gear. Refer to «Intermediate Steering Shaft Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/steering-column-switches/#steering-wheel-and-steering-column) .
23. Connect the stabilizer shaft links at the stabilizer shaft. Refer to «Stabilizer Shaft Link Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/suspension-front/#front-suspension-system) .
24. Connect the steering linkage outer tie rods to the steering knuckles. Refer to «Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system__steering-linkage-outer-tie-rod-replacement) .
25. Bleed the power steering system. Refer to «Power Steering System Bleeding»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
26. Measure and adjust the front toe. Refer to «Wheel Alignment - Steering Wheel Angle and/or Front Toe Adjustment»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/wheel-alignment/#wheel-alignment-system__wheel-alignment-steering-wheel-angle) .

Steering Linkage Inner Tie Rod Replacement

Special Tools

1. CH-6321 Inner Tie Rod Wrench
2. CH-22610 Keystone Clamp Pliers

For equivalent regional tools refer to Special Tools .

Disassembly Procedure

1. Remove the steering gear from the vehicle. Refer to «Steering Gear Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
2. Remove the outer tie rod from the inner tie rod.
3. Remove the inner tie rod nut from the inner tie rod.
4. Remove the outboard boot clamp.
5. Remove the inboard boot clamp. Discard the inboard boot clamp.
6. Remove the steering gear boot.
7. Inspect the inner tie rod for evidence of corrosion or contamination. If no corrosion or contamination is evident on the inner tie rod, continue with the repair.
8. Place the steering gear in a vise.
9. Slide the shock dampener (4) from the inner tie rod housing (6) to the rack (5).
10. Place a soft jaw pipe wrench or soft jaw pliers on the rack next to the inner tie rod housing.
11. Place a wrench on the flats of the inner tie rod housing.
12. Rotate the inner tie rod housing counterclockwise, while holding the rack stationary, until the inner tie rod separates from the rack.
13. If the steering gear has a female rack (1) and a male inner tie rod (3), remove the old thread locking adhesive from the threads (2) on the inner tie rod and from the threads on the rack.

Assembly Procedure

1. If the steering gear has a female rack (1) and a male inner tie rod (3), apply LOCTITE® 262, or the equivalent thread locking adhesive, to the threads on the inner tie rod.
2. Install the inner tie rod to the rack (3).
3. Place a soft jaw pipe wrench or soft jaw pliers on the rack next to the inner tie rod housing (2).
4. Place a torque wrench and the CH-6321 wrench on the flats of the inner tie rod housing. Tighten the inner tie rod to 100 N.m (74 lb ft).
5. Place the inner tie rod (2) on a vise.
6. If the steering gear has a male rack and a female inner tie rod, stake both sides of the inner tie rod housing to the rack.
7. Insert a 0.25 mm gauge (1) between the rack (2) and the inner tie rod housing in order to inspect the 2 stakes. The feeler gauge must not pass between the rack and the inner tie rod housing stake.
8. Slide the shock dampener (2) over the inner tie rod housing (3) until the front lip of the shock dampener bottoms against the inner tie rod housing.
9. Position the NEW inboard boot clamp (1) on the steering gear boot.
10. Position the steering gear boot with the NEW inboard boot clamp on the steering gear housing.
11. Use the CH-22610 pliers in order to install the NEW inboard boot clamp.
12. Install the outboard boot clamp.
13. Install the inner tie rod nut (2) to the inner tie rod (1).
14. Install the outer tie rod to the inner tie rod.
15. Install the steering gear to the vehicle. Refer to «Steering Gear Replacement»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/manual-power-steering/#power-steering-system) .
16. Measure and adjust the front toe. Refer to «Wheel Alignment - Steering Wheel Angle and/or Front Toe Adjustment»(/buick/enclave/i-2007-2013/remont/wheel-alignment/#wheel-alignment-system__wheel-alignment-steering-wheel-angle) .

Scheme 8

Steering Gear Valve Solenoid Replacement

The hydraulic power steering pump is a constant displacement vane-type pump that provides hydraulic pressure and flow for the power steering gear. The hydraulic power steering pump is either belt-driven or direct cam-driven.

The power steering fluid reservoir holds the power steering fluid. The power steering fluid reservoir may be integral with the power steering pump or remotely located. The vehicle may have a combination of a power steering fluid reservoir integral with the power steering pump and a remotely located power steering fluid reservoir. The following locations are typical locations for the remote reservoir

1. Mounted to the front of the dash panel
2. Mounted to the inner fender
3. Mounted to a bracket on the engine

The 2 basic types of power steering gears are listed below

1. A recirculating ball system
2. A rack and pinion system

In the recirculating ball system, a worm gear converts steering wheel movement to movement of a sector shaft. A pitman arm attached to the bottom of the sector shaft actually moves one tie rod. An intermediate rod moves the other tie rod.

In the rack and pinion system, the rack and the pinion are the 2 components that convert steering wheel rotation to lateral movement. The steering shaft is attached to the pinion in the steering gear. The pinion rotates with the steering wheel. Gear teeth on the pinion mesh with the gear teeth on the rack. The rotating pinion moves the rack from side to side. The lateral action of the rack pushes and pulls the tie rods in order to change the direction of the vehicle's front wheels.

The power steering pressure hose connects the power steering pump union fitting to the power steering gear and allows pressurized power steering fluid to flow from the pump to the gear.

The power steering return hose returns fluid from the power steering gear back to the power steering fluid reservoir. The power steering return hose may contain an integral fin-type or line-type power steering fluid cooler.

In a typical power steering system, a pump generates hydraulic pressure, causing fluid to flow, via the pressure hose, to the steering gear valve assembly. The steering gear valve assembly regulates the incoming fluid to the right and left chambers in order to assist in right and left turns.

Turning the steering wheel activates the valve assembly, which applies greater fluid pressure and flow to 1 side of the steering gear piston, and lower pressure and flow to the other side of the piston. The pressure assists the movement of the gear piston. Tie rods transfer this force to the front wheels, which turn the vehicle right or left.

Variable Effort Steering System Description and Operation

The Variable Effort Steering (VES) System varies the amount of effort to steer the vehicle as wheel speed changes or lateral acceleration occurs. The electronic brake control module (EBCM) controls an actuator located in the steering rack and pinion. The actuator consists of an electromagnetic coil and a pintle valve. The valve regulates an orifice that bleeds inlet pressure through a return passage to regulate the amount of pressure available for steering assist. The EBCM controls the actuator using 0 to 1.0 Amp. At 0 mph the EBCM supplies 1.0 Amp to the actuator. As the vehicle speed increases the amperage to the actuator decreases. The VES system uses the steering wheel position sensor input to calculate lateral acceleration during abrupt driving maneuvers. The system also uses the antilock brake system (ABS) wheel speed sensor inputs to determine vehicle speed. The EBCM is constantly monitoring these inputs to achieve the desired current to the VES actuator. The EBCM has the ability to detect malfunctions in the VES actuator or the circuits to the actuator. Any malfunctions detected will cause the VES outputs to be disabled, and the actuator will return to an open state. The EBCM will command the driver information center (DIC) to display the SERVICE STEERING SYSTEM warning message via a serial data circuit.

Special Tools

Illustration Tool Number/ Description CH-6321 J-34028 KM-6321 Inner Tie Rod Wrench CH-22610 J-22610 KM-J-22610 SA9164C Keystone Clamp Pliers CH-24319-B 7503 J-24319-B SA91100C Tie Rod Separator CH-25033-C 8996415 J-25033-C KM-J-25033-C SA9162C Pulley Installer CH-25034-C J-25034-C KM-J-25034-C SA9162C Pulley Remover CH-39570 J-39570 Chassis Ear CH-43485 J-43485 Power Steering Bleeder Adapter CH-44721 J-44721 Power Steering Analyzer CH-48600 Power Steering Analyzer Adapters GE-8001 J-8001 Dial Indicator Set GE-23738-A 30 14 883 J-23738-A J-35555 MKM-667 SA9180NE Vacuum Pump GE-28431-6 J-28431-6 Fluorescent Oil Dye - 6 1 oz

Scheme 9

Scheme 10

Scheme 11

Scheme 12

Scheme 13

Scheme 14

Scheme 15

See also:
• Diagnostic System Check - Vehicle
• Strategy Based Diagnosis
• Diagnostic Procedure Instructions
• COMPONENT CONNECTOR END VIEWS - INDEX
• Circuit Testing
• Connector Repairs
• Testing for Intermittent Conditions and Poor Connections
• Wiring Repairs
• Control Module References
• Diagnostic Repair Verification
• Drive Belt Falls Off and Excessive Wear Diagnosis
• Drive Belt Replacement
• Intermediate Steering Shaft Replacement
• Steering Wheel and Column Description and Operation
• Lifting and Jacking the Vehicle
• Fluid and Lubricant Recommendations
• Fastener Caution
• Catalytic Converter Replacement - Right Side
• Tire and Wheel Removal and Installation
• Wheel Alignment - Steering Wheel Angle and/or Front Toe Adjustment
• Front Wheelhouse Front Liner Replacement (Enclave - Acadia)
• Front Bumper Fascia Replacement (Enclave)
• Stabilizer Shaft Link Replacement
• Propeller Shaft Replacement
• DTC C0450
• Variable Effort Steering System Description and Operation
• Power Steering Fluid Leaks
• Checking and Adding Power Steering Fluid
• Steering Effort Hard in One or Both Directions
• Steering Effort Too Easy in One or Both Directions
• Power Steering Pump Specifications
• Special Tools
• Steering Linkage Inner Tie Rod Replacement
• Steering Linkage Outer Tie Rod Replacement